CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
({Monographs) 


ICIMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiq 


uas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibllographlques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 

□   Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 

□   Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommag^e 

□   Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 

I   Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I   Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

□   Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noi 

I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 


que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 

D 


D 


n 


Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajout^es  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  6\aH 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  6X6  film6es. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m6tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 

I I  Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I   Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommag6es 


n 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur^s  et/ou  pellicul^es 


0   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  dteolor^es,  tachet^es  ou  piques 

I      I   Pages  detached  /  Pages  d6tach6ei. 

\y\   Showthrough  / Transparence 

I      I   Quality  of  print  varies  / 


D 
D 


D 


Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  k  nouveau  de  fagon  k 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film6es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  Itwn  it  filRwcl  at  the  raduction  ratio  chaclcad  balow  / 

C«  documant  aat  film*  au  taux  de  rMuetion  lndiqu«  ci<letBous. 


lOx 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

V 

12x 

16x 

20x 

24x 

28x 

»9v 

Th«  copy  filmed  h«r*  has  bMn  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Special  Collections  Division 
University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grlca  A  la 
g4n4rositA  da: 

Special  Collections  Division 
University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
poaaibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  In  kaaplng  with  tha 
filming  contract  apaciflcationa. 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  M  raproduitas  avec  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat4  da  l'axamplaira  filmA.  at  tx 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
aion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  beginning  on  tha 
firat  paga  with  a  printad  or  Illuatratad  impraa- 
aion,  and  ending  on  the  laat  page  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  impreaaion. 


Lea  axemplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papier  eat  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  an  commandant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniire  paga  qui  comporte  una  amprainta 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axemplairas 
originaux  sont  fiimAs  an  commandant  par  la 
pramiAre  paga  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  darniire  paga  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  eech  microfiche 
shell  contain  tha  symbol  -♦•  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Mapa,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniArr)  image  da  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  —^'  signifia  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  y  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  fttre 
filmis  A  des  taux  da  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  ttra 
raproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droits, 
at  de  haut  en  baa,  an  pranant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaira.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illuatrent  la  mithoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


»«C»OCOPY   «$OlUTION   TEST   CHA«T 

.ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


^5i  '"53  EosI  Mom  Street 

^^  Rochesler.    New   York         U609         i^ 

r.^  ("6)   182-  0300  -Phone 

^^S  ("6)   288  -  5989  -  Fo, 


Early  Western  Travels 
1748-1846 


Volume  II 


I 


» 


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EarlyWestern  Travel^ 

1748-1846 

A  Series  of  Annotated  Reprints  of  some  of  the  best 

and  rarest  contemporary  Volumes  of  Trave,  de 

scr.pt.ve  of  the  Aborigines  and  Social  and 

Economic  Conditions  in  the  Middle 

and  Far  West,  during  the  Period 

of  Early  American  Settlement 

Edited  with  Note,.  Introduftion,.  Index,  etc..  by 

Reuben  Gold  Thwaites 

Hennepin     New  Discovery. "etc. 

Volume  II 
John  Long's  Journal,  1768-1782 


.1 


*■   <: 


/ 


Cleveland,  Ohio 

The  Arthur  H.  Clark  Company 

1904 


Copyright  igo4,  by 
THE  ARTHUR  H.  CLARK  COMPANY 


ALL  RIGHTS  KESEKVEO 


DONNELLEY  t   SONS  COMPANY 
CHICAGO 


"l 


CO\ THNTS  OF  VCLUMK   II 

I*»EFACE.     The  Editor 

«pr.i  lo,  1768-Sprini,'.  ,782.     John  Long 

Author's  Dedication 

List  of  Subscribers 
Author's  Preface   .         . 
Voyages  and  Travels 
Vocabulary 

English-Esquimeaux 

English-Iroquois,  Algonkin.  Chippeway  .' 
Enghsh-Algoalin,  Chippeway 
English-Mohegan,  Shawanee  . 

English-French       .        .  "  ' 

English-Chippeway        .  "  ' 

Chippeway-English         .         .  '  " 

Familiar  Phrases:  English-Chippeway  . 


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ILLUSTRATIONS  TO  VOLUMH   II 

Facsimile  (r.-ducwJ)  of  original  title-paRe     . 
Map:    "Skejch  of  the  Western  Countries  of  Canad..  ,„.  "■ 
FacsmtU  ol  original    ... 


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PREFACE 

The  second  volume  of  our  series  of  Early  Western 
Travels  .devoted  to  the  reprint  of  John  Long^  vZ^ 
and  Travels  of  an  Indian  Interpreter  and  Trader  orS 
nally  published  in  London  in  1791.  '      ^ 

Concerning  Long,  but  little  is  known  further  than  what 
he  himself  relates  in  his  ^k.  Coming  from  England  to 
North  America  m  1768,  he  passed  nearly  twenty  years 

learmng  their  languages,  wearing  their  garb,  living  their 
life.    An  expert  woodsman,  fur-trader,  and  explorer  he 

are  still  practically  unexplored. 

At  first  an  articled  clerk  in  Canada,  he  later  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  Montreal  fur  merchant.    Having  dLLTd 

to   the  neighboring  mission   colony   at   Caughnawaea 

where  he  remained  seven  years,  becoming  an  adept  t 

he  arts  and  occupations  of  savage  life.  ^  His  term  oi 

ervice  having  expired,   the  excitements  of  arm     li^e 

a  tracted    him.    The    American    Revolution    had'  /u 

ish  h?  ^"S^"d./,«l"nt-ring  for  service  with  the  Bri 

h.  fl  r/f  ^  '^  '"  '^^^  ^"^'^^  P^rt'^«  to  hang  upon 
the  flanks  of  the  invading  American  army  -  one  of  these 
expeditions  captured  the  famous  Ethan  Allen  After  a 
year  and  a  half  of  this  service,  in  which  -  drefsed  as 
an  Indian,  and  scalping  his  prisoners  in  their  fa  h ion  - 
he  could  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  a  brave,  Gover- 
nor Guy  Carleton  appointed  Long  a  midshipman  in  the 


^1 


i 


W       ! 


10 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


I*' 


navy.  But  when  his  vessel  saDed  for  England,  he  left 
the  sea  in  order  to  enter  upon  the  more  lucrative  business 
of  fur-trading. 

In  May,  1777,  Long  left  Montreal  for  Mackinac,  en- 
gaged as  a  bourgeois  to  lead  a  party  of  voyageurs  into 
the  far  Northwest,  and  trade  with  the  Indians  on  their 
own  hunting  grounds.  The  independent  Canadian  mer- 
chants of  this  period  were  endeavoring  to  maintain  the 
old  French  connections  with  the  Indians  of  the  "upper 
country,"  and  at  the  same  time  to  undermine  the  trade 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  by  intercepting  the 
natives  before  they  reached  the  posts  of  the  latter.  Long 
was  assigned  to  the  Nipigon  district  north  and  northeast 
of  Lake  Superior  — a  region  early  occupied  by  the 
French,  and  the  scene  of  their  hardy  and  audacious  en- 
terprises against  the  Hudson  Bay  trade. 

Cameron'  defines  the  limits  of  this  region  as  follows- 
"Bounded  on  the  south  by  Lake  Superior,  on  the  south- 
west and  west,  by  the  northwest  road  from  Lake  Supe- 
rior to  the  lower  end  of  Lake  Ouinipique  (Winnipeg)- 
on  the  northwest  and  north  by  Hayes  river  and  part  of 
Hudson  Bay;  and  on  the  north-east  by  Hudson  Bay 
Its  greatest  length  from  Pierre  Rouge  (Red  Rock)    at 
the  entrance  of  Nipigon  River,  to  the  Lake  of  the  Islands 
on  the  Hayes  river,  is  about  three  hundred  and  fifty 
leagues  and  its  greatest  breadth,  from  Trout  Lake  to 
Eagle  Lake,  is  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  leagues 
but  m  most  parts  not  over  eighty  leagues.    The  two- 
thu-ds  at  least  of  this  country  are  nothing  but  rivers  and 
lakes,  some  fifty  leagues  long;  properly  speaking,  the 
whole  country  is  nothing  but  water  and  islands."    Into 

PP-'i^gt^Mo."  ^'""'^"'"  *  '"  CompagnU  du  Nord^uest  (Quebec,  1890).  ii. 


1768-178.]     J.  Long's  Voya^esandTrn...,. 


hi 


1 1 

this  watery  wilderness  Long  andWs  voyageurs  p^d 
their  way,  literally  subsisting  on  the  count^  Th. 
bourgeois's  chief  qualification  for  the  enter^ns^^was  h' 

Sritdu'V"'^^"  f^  ^"^  ianguTg^aT/th 
onlf  !i  undergone  the  ceremony  of  adoption  by 

During  the  French  regime,  this  country  was  noted  for 
producing  the  largest  number  and  best  quality  o    furs 

dlrtttd  r'   ""V"'''  ^'^  ^"^^'^h  occur'tion  the 
di  tnct  had  been  nearly  abandoned,  the  difficulties  of 
existence  proving  too  great.    Four  out  of  eight  traders 
starred  to  death  in  the  region   in  one  year,  and  kwas 
tric^f '  CamT  °'  '''  r  ^^-P-isio/ed  W^n  dTs! 
Sced^but  fif.  ''^'  '''f  "  ^785  the  whole  district 
C  thi  nf  T       r'^  P"*^^^  °^  f"^«-    We  may  judge 
trom  thiS  of  Long's  success  as  a  trader;  in  the  first  vear 
he  not  only  subsisted  himself  and  a  party  of  eight  Cana^ 
dians,  during  the  "hardest  winter  ever  remembered"' 
Nt  rescued  a  brother  trader  from  destnictic  by  a  mjr- 
^.xous  band  of  Indians,  and  brought  out  a  cargo  of  a 
hundred  and  forty  packs  of  furs  all  in  good  condition 
valued  between  $.5,000  and  $30,000.    For  these    er' 
vices  he  received  from  his  chiefs  the  salary  ofTr.o  a 
year,  and  a  supply  of  Indian  corn  and  "hard  gr  ase'' or 
taiiow,  as  provision.'  "grease,    or 

At  the  end  of  his  first  year's  engagement    T  nn<r  r. 
n-med  only  .„  Pays  P^,,  a  Ling  s^ZTL^I^: 

teh  „r     *  "■^■■t''«='«'  Of  hfe  furs,  and  supplied  wKh 
fresh  protons,  he  set  out  August  ■;,  ,„8,  for  another 

_^' Atond„  H..n.,  r„„„  ,„  ,,„,„„ ,.  c,^.  ,3_.^,_  ^  ^  ^^^ 


I 


»' 


!i, 


12 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


winter  in  the  "inlands,"  whither,  after  many  hardships 
and  experiences  with  murderous  Indians,  he  returned  to 
Mackinac,  and  spent  the  following  winter  with  the  Chip- 
pewas  near  that  fort. 

In  June,  1780,  he  joined  a  party  of  Canadians  and  In- 
dians who  were  sent  from  Mackinac  to  Prairie  du  Chicn 
to  secure  the  deposits  of  furs  at  the  latter  place,  and 
prevent  them  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  emis- 
saries of  George  Rogers  Clark  from  the  Illinois,  and  the 
Spaniards  from  St.  Louis.  After  a  march  through 
Wisconsm,  this  undertaking  was  successfully  accom- 
plished -  the  furs  that  could  not  be  saved  being  burned 
to  keep  them  from  the  enemy.* 

The  following  autumn,  Long  returned  to  Quebec  never 
again  to  come  to  the  "upper  country."  He  made  one 
more  successful  trading  expedition  to  unknown  lands,  by 
way  of  the  Saguenay  River  and  Lake  St.  John,  penetrating 
the  country  east  of  Hudson  Bay,  and  bringing  back  a 
rich  cargo  — in  the  very  year  that  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  was  pillaged  by  the  French  expedition  of  La 
P^rouse. 

Long  returned  for  a  year  to  England,  his  mother-land 
being  entirely  strange  to  him  after  fifteen  years'  absence. 
He  was,  therefore,  glad  to  fit  out  a  cargo  for  another  ven- 
ture in  the  Indian  trade  of  Canada.  But  his  good  for- 
tune seems  now  to  have  deserted  him  — debt,  lack  of 
employment,  and  ocher  difficulties  drove  him  from  one 
place  to  another.  In  the  spring  T785  he  was  in  New 
York,  where  he  pushed  the  c.  of  a  Huron  Indian 
through  Congress.  A  fur-trading  expedition  among 
the  Iroquois  failed,  and  the  British  commandant  at 
Oswego  confiscated  his  goods.    Takmg  refuge  among 

'  See  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  ix,  pp.  290,  291. 


/, 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Foyages  and  Trair/s 


I  < 


his  Loyalist  friends  near  Kingston,  he  received  a  grant 
of  land  for  his  services,  but  debt  drove  him  from  that; 
and  after  securing  some  assistance  from  the  authorities, 
he  returned  to  England  in  the  fall  of  1788,'  there  to  write 
and  publish  the  volume  of  his  adventures. 

He  appears  to  have  secured  some  patronage  for  this 
work,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  list  of  subscribers,  and  the 
dedication  to  Sir  Joseph  Banks.  He  also  consulted  the 
best  available  authorities  on  Indian  traditions  and  Cana- 
dian history,  and  seems  to  have  taken  pains  to  verify  his 
own  experiences  and  obser\ations,  without  slavishly 
following  his  authorities."  In  his  defense  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  there  is  to  be  noted  either  a  desire  to 
secure  its  favor  for  future  services,  or  pique  in  relation 
to  the  new  North  West  Company,  under  some  one  of 
whose  partners  he  had  undoubtedly  served.  The  book, 
which  was  published  in  1791,  attained  considerable 
popularity.  It  was  favorably  reviewed  in  the  Monthly 
Review  (June,  1792),  and  translated  into  both  French  and 
German.  The  French  translation,  made  by  J.  B.  L.  J. 
Billecocq,  with  notes  by  the  translator  (but  without  the 
vocabularies,  a  fact  deplored  by  French  philologists),' 
appeared  in  1794,  and  again  in  1810.  Two  German 
translations  were  made,  the  first  by  B.  Gottlob  Hoffmann, 

'  The  chronology  of  Long's  later  years  in  Canada  is  confusing.  On  page 
17s  of  his  book,  he  gives  the  date  of  1786,  and  after  describing  ten  months' 
occupations  says  on  the  next  page,  "the  spring  of  1786."  That  this  should  be 
1787,  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  when  he  applied  to  General  Hope  for  assistance 
the  next  year,  the  latter  had  gone  to  England.  As  Hope's  departure  occurred 
in  June,  1 788,  Long's  mistake  of  a  year  in  his  dates  is  thus  manifest. 

•The  following  are  those  to  whom  he  definitely  refer-,:  Lahontan,  Henne- 
pin, La  Salle,  Colden,  Adair,  Car\er,  Jonathan  Edwards,  Kalm,  Beatty,  Rev. 
John  Sargent,  Robson,  Umfreville,  Kames,  Robert  Rogers,  Pope's  poems,  a 
novel  by  Lady  Emily  Montague,  and  Justamond's  Life  of  Louis  XV. 

'  Field,  Essay  toward  an  Indian  Bibliography  (New  York,  1873). 


.V 


/, 


!.ll 


I 


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,'-'4  . 

•I 

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Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


issued  in  1 791;  the  second  by  G.  Forster,  published  in 
Berlin  the  following  year. 

The  interest  of  the  work,  aside  from  incidental  his- 
torical references  to  expeditions  in  Canada  and  Wiscon- 
sin during  the  Revolution,  the  Loyalist  settlements,  and 
the  retention  of  the  Northern  posts,  lies  in  the  author's 
mtimate  knowledge  of  Indian  life  and  customs,  especially 
those  of  the  more  primitive  and  savage  tribes  of  the 
North;  and  in  the  light  he  incidentally  throws  on  the  his- 
tory of  the  fur-trade." 

It  is  anything  but  an  engaging  picture  which  Long 
pamts  of  his  Indian  friends  and  companions  —  they  are 
in  the  stage  of  downright  savagery,  debauched  by  con- 
tact with  the  dregs  of  civUization,  learning  its  vices,  ap- 
propriating its  weapons,  and  dominating  the  -^vhites  by 
sheer  force  of  numbers,  and  knowledge  of  the  weakness 
and  greed  of  the  latter.     A  pleasant  contrast  is  his 
account  of  the  Canadian  mission  Indians;  but  even  these 
proved  their  savagery  during  the  American  Revolution. 
Of  their  aboriginal  customs.  Long's  notices  of  totemism, 
religious  rites  and  beliefs,  courtship  and  marriage,  social 
customs  -  games,  dances,  food,  dwellings  —  habits  of 
huntmg,  and  physical  and  mental  characteristics,  are 
valuable  because  original  and  the  result  of  immediate  ob- 
servation. 

Scarcely  less  dark  is  th  >  picture  presented  by  Long  of 
the  fur-trade  and  the  tra.  rg.  This  was  the  period  of  un- 
licensed and  almost  ruuious  competition  between  Ihe 
great  company  at  the  North,  and  the  independent  mer- 
chants from  Canada  —  the  latter  acting  each  for  him- 

•  Long's  book  is  of  sUght  topographic  value  to  the  historical  student,  because 
of  the  apparently  uninhabitable  nature  of  the  countries  through  which  he  passed 
they  are  neariy  as  undeveloped  now  as  they  were  then. 


i768-i78a]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  \  5 

self,  with  slight  regard  for  the  interest  of  the  trade,  the 
Indians,  or  the  lesser  employees. 

The  fur-trade  under  the  French  rdgime  had  been  under 
strict  surveUlance.  All  traders  were  required  to  purchase 
a  government  license,  and  the  products  of  their  traffic 
were  closely  'nspected.  By  the  close  of  the  French  rule, 
even  the  lawless  coureurs  de  bois  —  trading  through  the 
forest  at  will,  and  carryhg  their  peltries  to  the  English  at 
Albany  and  Hudson  Bay  —  had  been  quite  largely  sup- 
pressed, and  brought  into  the  service  of  the  licensed 
traders. 

After  the  conquest  of  New  France,  a  period  of  cut- 
throat competition  began.    The  English  traders  did  not 
at  first  dare  venture  into  the  wUdemess  peopled  with 
Indians  faithful  to  the  French;  those  who  did,  nearly  paid 
the  penalty  with  their  lives  (as  witness  Alexander  Henry 
at  Mackinac).    But  after  Pontiac's  War,  and  the  gradual 
subsidence   of   Indian    hostUity.    British    traders   from 
Montreal  and  Quebec  began  reaching  out  for  this  lucra- 
tive traffic,  and  a  class  of  enterprising  entrepreneurs  was 
developed,  recruited  chiefly  from  the  ranks  of  Scotchmen. 
By  them  the  fur-trade  was  pushed  to  its  highest  develop- 
ment, and  the  rivers,  lakes,  and  fastnesses  of  the  great 
Northwest  discovered  and  explored  in  rapid  succession. 
This  work  was  done  by  such  men  as  the  Henrys,  Ponds, 
Frobishers,  Finlays,  Camerons,  McDonalds  —  and,  great- 
est of  all,  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie. 

By  1780,  they  began  to  unite  their  fortunes,  and  a 
sixteen-share  stock  corporation  was  formed  of  the  princi- 
pal traders.'  A  conspiracy  of  the  Indians  in  the  same 
year,  to  massacre  aU  the  whites  and  pillage  the  posts,  was 
discovered  and  averted;  but  by  the  following  season  a 

•  For  list  of  partners,  see  C«  -adian  Archives,  1888,  p.  61. 


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still  more   terrible  scourge  had   begun.    Smallpox  ap- 
peared among  the  tribes  in  the  Northwest,  and  spread  so 
rapidly  that  hunting  was  but  languidly  carried  on   and 
profits  fell  to  the  zero  mark.    To  avert  the  chaos'  into 
which  the  trade  «eemed  falling,  the  North  West  Com- 
pany was  established  in  j  783,  for  a  term  of  five  year«     In 
1787  its  organization  was  perfected,  and  the  corporate 
period  of  the  Canadian  fur-trade  began;  competitors  were 
gradually  bought  out  -  union  with  the  X  Y  Company 
occurring  in  1805,  and  with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company 
m   1821.  ^    •' 

Long's  narrative,  therefore,  portrays  conditions  during 
the  period  of  the  free  trader,  responsible  to  no  authority 
exploiting  the  country  and  the  nati\  s  for  the  largest  im- 
mediate returns,  without  reference  to  the  preservation 
of  the  hunting  grounds  or  the  protection  of  the  hunters 
The  frightful  debauchery  of  the  Indians  by  means  of 
t-aders'  rum,  and  the  necessity  for  the  use  of  laudanum 
to  control  their  drunken  excesses,  are  shown  in  full  by 
Long  in  his  simple  narrative  of  events.    The  dangers 
also,  to  which  this  system  exposed  the  trader,  are  onlv 
too  evident  from  his  relation  of  the  case  of  Mr.  Shaw 
As  for  the  competition  with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company, 
It  is  plain  from  Long's  narrative  that  f.he  Canadian  trad- 
ers were  encroaching  on  the  hunting  {Tounds  of  this  great 
monopoly.    The  case  of  M.  Jacques  Santeron  shows 
the  possibUity  of  dishonest  men  passing  from  one  employ 
to  the  other.  ^ 

As  for  the  rest  of  the  picture.  Long  presents  the  usual 
traits  of  the  trader  and  interpreter  -  a  certain  rude 
honesty,  taking  the  form  of  loyalty  to  his  employer,  a  dis- 
regard of  dangers,  and  small  concern  for  hardships  His 
knowledge  of  wilderness  life  was  intimate,  but  to  this 


1768-1783)     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  17 

fact  he  alludes  only  in  an  incidental  way.    In  acquaintance 
with  Indian  character,  and  power  of  influencing  them  in  a 
crisis,  he  seems  to  have  been  superior  to  the  ordinary 
trader.     His  vices  were  those  of  his  class  -  slight  regard 
for  laws,  either  moral  or  military  (witness  the  incident  at 
Fort  Mackinac),   improvidence  and   wastefulness,  rest- 
lessness, and  dissatisfaction  with  the  routine  life  of  towns 
His  literary  style,  while  discursive,  i ;  simple,  and  as  clear 
as  running  water.     What  he  wishes  to  say,  he  says  plainly 
leaving  the  reader  as  a  rule  to  draw  his  own  conclusions. 
There  is  an  unvarnished,  unflinching  directness  in  his 
statements,  conveying  to  the  reader  the  impression  that 
he  IS  concealing  nothing,  doing  nought  for  effect,  but 
telimg  a  straightforward  story  of  travels  and  adventures 
The  book  forms  a  contribution  of  note  to  this  important 
class  of  literature,  and  wUI  always  be  readable. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  notes,  the  Editor  has  had,  as 
m  the  firit  volume  of  the  series,  the  assistance  of  Dr 
Louise   Phelps    KeUogg,    of   the   Wisconsin    Historical 
LibR'ry.    He  has  also  had  helpful  suggestions  from  Dr. 
Jftmes  Bam,  Jr.,  of  the  Toronto  Public  Library. 

R-  G.  T. 
Madison,  Wis.,  febraary,  1904. 


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Repriitt  •     'he  original  edition:    London,  1791 


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VOYAGES  AND  TRAVELS 
INDIAN   INTERPRETER    AND   TRADEI 
Tbt  Mmmtrt  and  Qutom 
NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS; 

WITH 
^ft  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  POSTS 
TN.  «,y„   ,^,^^    t;o;E*NCE.    LAK.    ONrA.,0.*.. 

A    VOCABULARY 

0  r 

The  Chippcway  Language. 

ym,,  ^  run  ,M  Sim,.  ,,  l,  fi,*  „^  ,,^^ 

A   LIST  OF    WO  KDS 

flV  J.  LOWC. 


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I 


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i'v 


TO  SIR  JOSEPH  BANKS,  BAR'.  PRESIDENT 
OF   THE   ROYAL   SOCIETY,'  &c.   &c.   &c. 

Sir, 

I  FEEL  the  highest  satisfaction  in  being  permitted  to 
dedicate  this  work  to  one  whose  pursuits  have  ever  been 
more  peculiarly  directed  to  objects  of  originality,  and 
whose  scientific  researches  have  contributed  so  largely 
to  the  information  and  benefit  of  society. 

The  public  are  too  well  acquainted  with  your  general 
knowledge  in  every  branch  of  literature,  to  suspect  that  I 
hold  the  language  of  adulation.  Should  I  attempt  to  do 
justice  to  a  character  so  eminently  distinguished,  my 
feeble  efforts  could  only  be  regarded  as  the  grateful 
effusions  of  a  mind  proud  of  a  patronage  that  can  ensure 
an  especial  share  of  public  notice  and  protection. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  very  respectfully. 

Sir, 
Your  most  obedient  servant, 

J.  LONG. 

London, 
February,  1791. 

'  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  president  of  the  Royal  Society  from  1778  until  his  death 
in  1820,  was  the  patron  of  discoverers,  having  himself  voyaged  around  the 
world  with  Captain  Cook  (1768-71).  He  was  especially  interested  in  North- 
west exploration,  and  the  customs  and  habits  of  primitive  people,  and  to  him 
Alexander  Henry  dedicated  his  Travels  and  Adventures  in  Canada. —  Ed. 


.1   ^ 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS 


Addis,  Mr.  George. 
Annereau,  Mr. 

Banks,  Sir  Joseph,  Bart. 
Beaufoy,  Henry,  Esq.  M.  P. 
Berens,  Hcrmanus,  Esq. 
Berens,  Joseph,  Esq. 
Boddam,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Bcttcsworth,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Baker,  John,  Esq. 
Baker,  William,  Esq. 
Baker,  Miss. 
Batson,  Robert,  Esq. 
Baynes,  Burdon,  Esq. 
Blache,  J.  F.  Esq. 
Belfour,  John,  Esq. 
Belfour,  .  Ir.  Okey.     3 

copies. 
Belfour,  Mr.  J.  D. 
Bird,  William,  Esq. 
Bird,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Bird,  Michael,  Esq. 
Barbe,  St.  Samuel,  Esq. 
Barbe,  St.  John,  Esq. 

Bingley, ,  jun.  Esq. 

Bates,  Mr.  John. 
Birkley,  Mr.  John. 
Bowden,  John,  Esq. 


Brandon,  Mr. 
Bull,  Mr.  J.  Bath. 
Beilby,  Mr.     6  copies. 

Croft,  the  Rev.  Herbert. 
Cornthwaite,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Chalmers,  George,  Esq. 
Culverdcn,  William,  Esq. 
Corsellis,  Nicholas  Caesar, 

Esq. 
Coussmaker,  John,  Esq. 
Croi.x,  N.  D.  St.  Esq. 
Ckavcr,  Miss. 
Cotton,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Cotton,  Bayes,  Esq. 
Chandler,  George,  Esq. 
Coningham,  William,  Esq. 
Cope,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Cleugh,  John,  Esq. 
Clay,  Felix,  Esq. 
Clay,  James,  Esq. 
Clay,  William,  Esq. 
[iv]  Clay,  George,  Esq. 
Cooper,  Mr. 
Cooper,  Mr.  James. 
Corbet, ,  Esq.  2  copies. 

Dawson,  William,  Esq. 


in 


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i-i. 


24 


Ear/y  Pyestem  Travels  [Voi.  2 

Dalrymple  Alexander,  Esq.     Hayward,  Francis,  Esq.    2 
Dicken.  Tohn   Pc«  -.^.  ,     ^^      * 


Dicken,  John,  Esq 

Earle,  James,  Esq. 
Emes,  William,  Esq. 
Edwards,  C^-^rles,  Esq. 
Etches,  P 
Eldridge,  ,.«,  Esq. 

Eraser,  Major. 

Finch,  Thomas,  Esq. 

Forbes,  Thomas,  Esq. 

Fayle,  Benjamin,  Esq. 

Fader,  Mr.  William.  6 
copies. 

Fawler,  Mrs. 

Forsteen, ,  Esq. 

Finch,  Mr.  John. 

Fletcher,  Mr.  James,  Ox- 
ford. 

Grote,  George,  Esq. 
Gould,  T;.  jmas,  Esq. 
George,  C.  G.  Esq. 


copies. 

Holden,  Joseph,  Esq. 

Haffey,  John,  Esq. 

Hill,  Edward,  Esq. 

Hussey,  William  Whcatley, 

Esq. 
Harper,  Mrs. 
Hillier,  Mr. 

Hale,  Mr.  Harry.    2  copies. 
Hill,  Mr.  John. 

Jones,  Edward,  Esq. 
Jeudwine,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Justice,  Mr.  Richard. 
Jacks,  Mr. 

Knill,  John,  Esq. 
Kensington,  Charles,  Esq. 

Long,  Sir  James  Tylney, 
Bart.M.P.   7  copies. 

[v]  Lake,    Sir    J.    Winter, 
Bart.  4  cop. 


Goldthwaite,  Thomas,  Esq.     Langmore,  William,  Esq. 


George,  Mr.  Edward. 
Grafc,  Mr.  James. 

HoUingsworth,  John,  Esq. 
Hulse,  Richard,  Esq. 
Hulse,  Edward,  Esq. 
Howison,  John,  Esq.  Lis- 
bon. 


Legg,  Leaver,  Esq. 
Long,  Mrs. 
Locke,  Miss. 
Locke,  John,  Esq. 
Lion,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Lane,  Benjamin,  Esq. 
Lang,  Charles,  Esq. 
Lightfoot,  John,  Esq. 


'79i]  y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


25 


Lonsdale,  Mr. 

Mulgrave,  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord. 

Monsel,  Lieutenant  Colo- 
nel. 

Marsden,  William,  Esq. 

Morris,  John,  Esq. 

Martin,  Captain. 

Man,  Henry,  Esq.    6 
copies. 

Mukins,  Francis,  Esq. 

Malleson,  John,  Esq. 

Murray,  Mr.  J.     2  copies. 

Nesbitt,  Lieutenant  Colonel. 
Nesbitt,  Arnold,  Esq. 
Nasmyth,  Maxwell,  Esq. 
Neave,  Richard,  Esq. 

Prescott,   George  William, 
Esq. 

Pott,  Rev.  J.  H.  Archdea- 
con of  St.  Albans. 

Pott,  Percival,  Esq. 

Pott,  E.  H.  Esq. 

Pott,  Mrs. 

Powell,  Baden,  Esq. 

Powell,  James,  Esq. 

Powell,  Thomas,  Esq. 

Peck,  Jasper,  Esq. 

Pooley,  John,  Esq. 

Perry,  John,  Esq. 


Palmer,  Peregrine,  Esq. 
Pickwoad,  Robert,  E.sq. 
Pickering,  Thomas,  Esq. 
Popplewcll,  Mr. 

Roberts,  John,  Esq. 
Renncll,  >iajor. 
Robertson,  Captain. 
Ruspini,  J.  B.  Esq. 
Rouse,  Benjamir,  Esq. 
Ross,  G.  W.  Esq.     2  copies. 
Ruttcr,  Miss. 
Row,  William,  Esq. 
Regail,  Alexander,  Esq. 
Reading  Society,  Hackney. 

Scott,  Thomas,  Esq.  M.  P. 

[vi]  Sncyd,  Samuel,  Esq. 

Symons,  the  Rev.  Mr. 

Sheldon,  John,  Esq.  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy  in  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Arts, 
London,  and  F.  R.  S. 

Shamier, ,  Esq. 

Stoe,  Harry,  Esq. 
Sedgwick,  Harry,  Esq. 
Stone,  John  Hurford,  Esq. 
Surman.  William,  Esq. 
Smith,  Haskett,  Esq. 
Scafe,  Mr.  Richard. 
Scargill,  Mr.  James. 
Stable,  xMr.  William. 
Smith,  Mr.  Thomas. 


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26 


Early  Western  Travels  fVol. 


Smith,  Mr.  J.  Thomas. 

Turner,  Miss. 
Turner,  Miss  Jane. 
Tanner,  N.  Esq. 
Toulmin,  Wilh'am,  Esq. 
Taylors,  Messrs.    6  copies. 

Vaston,  Mrs. 
Vandricl,  Mr.  J.  C. 

Wegg,  Samuel,  Esq. 
Winter,  John,  Esq. 
Walker,  John,  Esq. 


Wilson,  Stephen,  Esq. 
Wilson,  William,  Esq. 
Wilcox,  William,  Esq. 
Wilcox,  Edward,  Esq. 
Wilcox,  Mrs.  Anne. 
W^ickham,  Lieut. 
Woolhead,  Major,  Esq. 
Wright,  Mr.  Thomas. 
Watson,  Mr.  William. 
White,  xMessrs.  and  Son. 
copies. 

Young,  Mrs. 


1 


- 1 


f 


PREFACE 

The  reader  will  naturally  expect  some  account  of  this 
work. 

With  regard  to  the  historical  part,  I  have  endeavoured 
to  explain  the  situation  of  the  Posts,  which,  by  Mr.  Os- 
wald's Treaty,  were  stipulated  to  be  surrendered  to  the 
Americans;  and  pointed  out  their  convenience  to  Great 
Britain  in  a  political  and  commercial  point  of  view:'  I 
have  also  given  a  description  of  the  Five  and  Six  Nation 
Indians;  and  endeavoured  to  shew  the  usefulness,  as  well 
as  necessity,  of  a  strict  alliance  with  them  as  long  as  we 
retain  any  possessions  in  Canada. 

With  respect  to  the  descriptions  of  lakes,  rivers,  &c. 
which  lie  beyond  Lake  Superior,  from  Lake  Nipegon  to 
Lake  Arbitibis,  I  have  given  them  as  accurately  as  possi- 
ble, either  from  my  own  knowledge,  or  the  most  authentic 
Indian  accounts;  and  when  it  is  considered  that  interpre- 
ters in  the  commercial  line  seldom  have  occasion  for  any 
geographical  knowledge,  the  want  of  better  information 
will  be  excused. 

The  Vocabulary  which  is  subjoined,  and  on  which  I 
have  bestowed  some  pains,  it  is  hoped  will  not  only 
afford  information  to  such  as  may  be  desirous  of  attain- 
ing a  knowledge  of  the  Chippeway  language,  but  prove 
useful  to  those  who  are  already  engaged  in  traffic  with 
the  Indians. 

'  The  Treaty  of  Paris,  drawn  up  between  the  envovs  of  the  United  States 
and  those  of  Great  Britain  (1783),  was  called  "Oswald's  Treaty,"  because 
Kichard  Oswald  was  chief  negotiator  for  the  British  ministry.  The  Northwest 
posts  wee-  not  surrendered  de  jacto,  until  after  Jay's  Treaty  in  1794.—  Ed. 


V        i 


Jl 


H  I'' 


% 


28 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


Ivni]  As  the  mode  of  spelling  a  language  which  has  never 
been  reduced  to  a  grammatical  system,  must  be  arbitrary, 
and  principally  depend  on  the  ear,  I  have  endeavoured  to 
use  such  letters  as  best  agree  with  the  English  pronuncia- 
tion; avoiding  a  multiplicity  of  consonants,  which  only 
perplex:  and  to  enable  the  reader  to  speak  so  as  to  be 
understood  by  the  natives,  it  is  necess?ry  to  observe  that 
a  IS  generally  sounded  broad;  and  e  final  never  pro- 
nounced but  in  monosyllables. 

The  following  are  the  motives  which  induced  me  to 
make  the  Vocabulary  in  the  Chippeway  language  so 
copious. 

In  the  first  place  it  is,  strictly  speaking,  one  of  the 
mother  tongues  of  North  America,  and  universally 
spoken  in  council  by  the  chiefs  who  reside  about  the  great 
lakes,  to  the  westward  of  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  as 
far  south  as  the  Ohio,  and  as  far  north  as  Hudson's  Bay 
notwithstanding  many  of  the  tribes,  within  the  space  of 
territory  I  have  described,  speak  in  common  a  different 
language.—  This  observation  is  confirmed  by  authors  of 
established  repute,  and  further  proved  by  the  concurrent 
testimony  of  the  Indian  interpreters. 

Baron  de  Lahontan'  asserts  that  the  Algonkin  is  a 
mother  tongue,  and  that  it  is  in  as  much  estimation  in 
North  America,  as  Greek  and  Latin  in  Europe:  this  being 

» Louis  .\rmand  de  Lom  d'Arre,  Baron  de  Lahontan,  was  a  French  officer 
who  served  .n  Canada,  in  .6«,k,3.  While  commanding  a  small  fort  on  Detroit 
River  he  starte.l  on  a  journey  to  the  Western  country.  Going  bv  way  of  Macki- 
nac, he  ascended  the  Mississij.pi  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  and  ex- 
plor.-d  part  of  Minnesota.  In  ,703  he  published  an  account  of  his  travels, 
whu-h  was  largely  fabulous,  although  of  some  value.  The  work  had,  however 
great  vo^.e  m  the  eighteenth  century,  was  translated  into  several  languages' 
and  much  studied  He  also  published  a  French-Alg..n,,uian  dictionarv  to 
which  Long  here  refers. —  Ed. 


'79i]  J.  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels 


29 


admitted,  I  am  persuaded  the  Chipfjeway  lanRuaRe 
possesses  as  much,  if  not  greater  merit,  as  it  is  in  every 
respect  better  understood  by  the  north-west  Indians. 
But  as  the  knowledge  of  both  [ix]  may  not  only  Ije  useful, 
but  necessary,  I  have  given  a  comparative  table  of  about 
two  hundred  and  sixty  words  in  Iwth  tongues,  that  the 
reader  may  use  either  as  he  shall  find  it  best  understood 
by  the  tribes  with  whom  he  may  have  occasion  to  trade; 
though  he  will  find,  in  a  variety  of  instances,  a  perfect  ac- 
cordance. 

The  table  of  words  in  the  Muhhekanecw,  or  Mohegan. 
and  Shawanee  tongues,  are  extracted  from  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Edwards's  publication,  and  are  inserted  to  shew  their 
analogy  with  the  Chippeway  language;*  and,  as  he  ob- 
ser^'es  that  the  language  of  the  Delawares  in  Pennsylvania, 
of  the  Penobscots  on  the  borders  of  Nova  Scotia,  of  the 
Indians  of  St.  Francis,  in  Canada,  of  the  Shawanees  on 
the  Ohio,  and  many  other  tribes  of  Savages  radically 
agree,  I  judged  the  tables  of  analogy  would  not  be  unac- 
ceptable. 

In  the  course  of  the  historical  part,  several  speeches  in 
the  Chippeway  language  are  introduced :  and  at  the  end 
of  «\e  Vocabulary,  a  number  of  familiar  phrases,  which 
not  only  serve  to  shew  the  mode  of  speech,  but  give  a  better 
idea  of  the  language  than  single  words. 

The  numeral  payshik,  or  one,  is  frequently  used  to 
express  the  articles  a  and  the;  and  woke  is  the  general 
word  for  the  plural  number,  though  not  always  used. 

*  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards  was  much  interested  in  Indian  missions;  and 
havmg  been  brought  up  among  the  Stockbridges,  published  (1788)  Observa- 
tions on  the  Language  of  the  Mukhekaneew  Indians.  In  a  republication  with 
notes  by  John  Pickering,  in  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections,  2nd  series, 
X,  pp  81  IT.,  the  added  Chippewa  vocabulary  is  that  of  Long.—  Ed. 


: 


rf 


■/■» 


3° 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  a 


Mr.  Can'er's  Vocabulary  will,  in  many  instances,  be 
found  to  differ  from  the  Chippeway;'  but  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  though  he  calls  it  the  Chippeway  Vocabulary 
m  p.  414  of  his  work,  he  says  "The  Chippeway.  or  Algon- 
km,"  which  [x]  evidently  proves  that  he  believes  them  the 
same  language :- but  with  regard  to  the  usefulness  of 
the  tongue,  there  is  a  perfect  corroboration  of  sentiment- 
for  he  remarks  that  the  Chippeway  tongue  appears  to  be' 
the  most  prevailing  of  all  the  Indian  languages. 

It  may  not  be  amiss  to  observe,  that  the  Chippeway 
tongue,  as  spoken  by  the  servants  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  is  somewhat  different,  though  not  essentially 
so,  and  IS  called  by  them  the  Home-Guard  Language. 

With  regard  to  the  Iroquois,  or  Mohav.k  tongue,  which 
IS  peculiar  to  the  Five  and  Six  Nation  Indians,  it  is  not 
necessary  in  the  fur  trade  beyond  Michillimakinac ;  and 
if  It  were,  there  are  not  wanting  printed  authorities  suffi- 
cient to  instruct:- this  consideration  has  induced  me  to 
give  only  the  numerals,  and  a  few  words  in  the  language 
I  have  not  any  thing  further  to  add,  but  a  sincere  wish 
that  my  labours  may  prove  useful  to  the  world;  and  that 
whatever  defects  may  be  found  in  the  following  work 
the  Public  will  look  on  them  with  candour;  and  will 
recollect  that  they  are  perusing,  not  the  pages  of  a  pro- 
fessed Tourist,  but  such  observations  as  a  commercial 
nian  flatters  himself  may  be  found  acceptable  to  the  mer- 
chant and  the  philosopher. 

•Jonathan  Carver,  one  of  the  earliest  American  explorers  of  the  North- 
west, was  born  in  i;32,  and  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  War  barely 
escap.ng  from  the  massacre  of  Fort  William  Henry.  In  .766,  he  i  o 
Macbnac,  and  thence  through  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  iLter  expbred 
Lake  Superior.  H.S  Travels  were  first  published  in  London  in  .778  and 
two  years  later  he  died  there  in  destitute  circumstances.  For  further  details 
^.Wncons^n  HnU>rical  Collections,  vi,  pp.  ..0-.37.  Career  gives  an  acco'n 
of  Indian  manners  and  customs;  chapter  ,7.  devoted  .0  language,  includes  a 
Chippewa  vocabulary.—  Ed.  ""-macs  a 


-  n 


.1 


11 


Skktch 
cfOf 
WESTERN  COUNTRIKS 
of 

C \^ ADA 

»79» 


VOYAGKS  AND  TRAVHLS 


Having  cngaRCfl  myself,  at  an  early  period  of  life,  to  ro 
to  North  America,  in  the  quality  of  an  articled  clerk,  I 
left  Gravcsend  on  the  loth  of  April,  1768,  on  lx)ar(l 
the  "Canada,"  captain  Smith,  bound  to  QueU-c  .-nd 
Montreal.  We  had  a  pleasant  voyage,  till  we  reached  the 
coast  of  America,  when  the  weather  proving  unfavourable, 
we  were  obliged  to  put  into  Newfoundland,  where  we 
stayed  fourteen  days.  Nothing  remarkable  occurred 
here,  except  that  a  party  went  on  shore  to  hunt,  and  one 
of  them,  Mr.  Jordan,  who  was  a  passenger,  bound  to 
Montreal,  finding  himself  much  fatigued,  remained  in 
the  woods;  the  res'  d  on  board  in  the  evening, 

anxiously  expectinj.  • ,.  ro  nanion;  but  after  four  days 
painful  solicitude,  i       '  ble  to  obtain  any  intelli- 

gence of  him,  we  gavc  ur  lopes  of  seeing  him  again; 
and  as  the  snow  was  deep  on  the  ground,  and  the  wild 
animals  numerous,  we  supposed  him  to  be  either  frozen 
to  death,  or  devoured  by  the  beasts.  Just  as  the  captain 
proposed  setting  sail,  an  Indian  came  on  board,  to  whom 
we  endeavoured  to  communicate  our  distress.  On  this 
occasion,  he  seemed  to  understand  us,  and  made  signs 
of  his  intention  to  go  in  search  of  him;  and  Ijcing  furnished 
with  some  rum  by  way  of  encouragement,  he  got  into  his 
canoe  and  paddled  [2]  ashor^^.  The  captain,  with  great 
humanity,  deferred  prosecuting  the  voyage  for  some 
time:  but  the  Indian  not  returning,  we  left  Newfoundland, 
and  after  a  tedious  passage  of  near  eleven  weeks,  arrived 
at  Quebec,  the  capital  of  Canada. 


I 

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i 


34 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


When  the  Spaniards  (who  first  discovered  this  northern 
dime)  sailed  past  Cape  Hosiers  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Kiver  St.  Laurence,  the  mountains,  now  called  the  Moun- 
tams  of  Notre  Dame,  were  covered  with  snow.    Such 
a  prospect,  in  the  summer  season,  gave  them  a  very  un- 
favourable opinion  of  the  country,  and  they  were  deterred 
from  gomg  up  the  river,  supposing  the  land  to  be  too 
barren  to  recompence  their  labours  at  present,  or  afford 
any  future  advantages;  and  the  same  impressions  induced 
them  to  call  it  Capo  di  Nada,  or  Cape  Nothing,  by  which 
name  ,t  is  described  in  their  charts,  and  from  whence,  by 
corruption  of  language,  it  has  derived  its  present  name  of 
Canada." 

The  River  St.  Laurence  takes  its  rise  from  Lake  Nipis- 
sin,  north-east  of  Lake  Superior,  about  the  distance  of 
2000  miles  from  Quebec'  The  breadth  of  it  is  90  miles 
at  the  entrance,  and  it  is  navigable  near  500  miles  from 
the  sea. 

The  Isle  of  Orleans,  which  is  but  a  small  distance  from 
the  city,  is  a  beautiful  spot  of  ground,  about  20  miles  in 
length,  and  six  in  breadth.  The  fertility  of  the  soil 
makes  it  a  useful  and  valuable  garden,  insomuch  that  it 
supplies  the  capital  with  vegetables  and  grain  in  great 
abundance.  The  opposite  village  of  Beauport  also 
charms  the  eye,  and  very  much  heightens  the  scene, 
which  is  rich,  romantic,  and  magnificent. 
_[3]The  Fall  of  Montmorenci  particularly  attracted  my 

nril^f^J'  ^"'  ^""""''"^  ""'  ^"""""'y  °'  f'"»'"  Hennepin,  who  gives  this 
onpn  of  the  name  "Canada-  in  his  Ne^  Discovery  (London,  1698)  The 
real  ong,n  o    the  word  is  disputed,  some  deriving  it' from  an    roc^uois  tenL 

nver      sun  others,  from  a  term  for  "lakes.-  i.  ...  a  country  full  of  lakes.-  Ed 

and  tL.T^'' m''-'"""''  "''"  ^^'  """'"  '^  ""■  ^""^^^  "f  'he  St.  Lawrence, 
and  that  Lake  N.p.sstng,  which  empties  into  Georgian  Bay  through  the^ench 
River.  IS  the  source  of  Lake  Huron.- Ed.  rougn  me  rrench 


'i 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


35 

notice,  as  it  is  perhaps  the  most  pleasi;;^";;^;;;^^;;;;^ 
m  the  world;  and  though  its  height  and  width  are  not  to 
be  compared  in  point  of  awful  grandeur  with  the  stupen- 
dous cataract  of  Niagara,  it  is  sufficiently  wonderful  to 
shew  the  power  of  the  great  Architect  of  the  Universe- 
and  Its  effects  are  more  pleasing  than  the  latter;  for  whUe 
It  P'-oduces  wonder  and  pleasure  in  the  highest  degree  it 
does  not  strike  the  beholder  with  such  tremendous  ideas' 

As  our  ship  was  bound  to  Montreal,  as  well  as  Quebec 
and  I  was  under  the  captain's  care  and  direction/he  did 
not  allow  me  to  go  on  shore  at  the  latter  place;  but  in  a 
few  days,  to  my  great  joy,  we  arrived  safe  at  Montreal,  the 
place  of  our  last  destination. 

Montreal,  formerly  called  Ville  Marie,  has  nothing  re- 
markable in  It  at  present;  it  was  formerly  famous  for  a 
great  fair,  which  lasted  near  three  months,  and  was 
resorted  to  by  the  Indians,  who  came  from  the  distance 
of  many  hundreds  of  mUes,  to  barter  their  peltry  for  En^- 
ish  goods     It  will  give  pleasure  to  the  reader  to  be  in- 

W  M  't''7'  ''''l''^  ^''^  '^'  "S^^^^ble  intelligence 
that  Mr.  Jordan  was  found  in  the  woods,  two  days  after 
our  departure  from  Newfoundland,  though  with  the  loss 
of  his  feet,  occasioned  by  the  severity  of  the  weather-  he 
went  afterwards  in  a  vessel  to  Trois  Rivieres,  where  he 
settled  in  an  iron  foundry. 

Trois  Rivieres,'  is  so  called  from  the  junction  of  three 
currents  which  empty  themselves  into  the  River  St 
Laurence     About  a  league  from  the  town  there  is  an 
iron  foundry,  which  was  erected  by  private  [4]  persons  in 
theyear  1737,  and  afterwards  ceded  to  the  King     At  first 

in  Roy,.  Socie,,  of  Canada  Procee.^n.TT.o,  J.^^^;: ';:J::'^ ^-''-" 


"t 


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m 


f 


Early  tVestern  Travels 


[Vol.2 

peltry,  and  was, t'::^^;;;^/"-"'™'''^  '-de  i„ 
cess  nf  f,-r«^  fu     •  ,    . .  "  <-anada;  but  in  oro- 

•he  residents  in  TroirSrel  ,it  T  ^h''- "'  "■°'"«'' 
with  .he  savages,  and  .he  r„Z^^,!ZZ  rf  bLr"'"" 
yet  the  town  has  lost  that  ranlc  ^nH  '^""^^^ 

formerly  maintained;  neerthele^.r"?"""'  """"  " 
iron  foundry  makes  th!!'        »<'™n"'ge  of  the 

upon  the  wh„r  as  haonv  '"""^''  ^"^  ''"y  '"', 

The  inhabitants'  of  ^I Z-^  '^"^^^  ^  ^an-d^- 

owe.  occasioned  .tr^-^Snt^r^ 

the  names  of  everranSe  of  ro ''""•  '  ^"  '^^"^^^ 
and  French  lanJJsTnH  t  '''  "^  ^^"  ^^°<1°"'^ 

favour  of  the  Xf.%1        T.^'  '*"'^"  Prepossessed  in 

the  satisfactL  o  Ty  -P W  If  ""  '"''^  ^°"^^'  ^° 
duity,  and  wishing  2  T^k!^  '  ,  °  ^PP^-^ving  my  assi- 
MohawklCaitoenl     ''"^^^''^^y  ^^^^^^^  in  the 

in  his  abs  ncf  s?m  rne^n      7 '°  '''^''  ^'*^  ^^^  ^^^dians 
aosence.  sent  me  to  a  village  called  [5]  Cahnuaga.  or 


1 768-1 782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


17 


Cocknawaga,  situated  about  nine  mUes  from  Montreal  en 
the  south  side  of  the  River  St.  Laurence/ where  I  li'ved 
with  a  chief  whose  name  was  Assenegethter,  until  I  was 
sufficiently  instructed  in  the  language,  and  then  returned  to 
my  master's  store,  to  improve  myself  in  French,  which  is 
not  only  universally  spoken  in  Canada,  but  is  absolutely 
necessary  in  the  commercial  intercourse  with  the  natives 
and  without  which  it  would  be  impossible  to  enjoy  the 
society  of  the  most  respectable  families,  who  are  in  general 
Ignorant  of  the  English  language 

•  A  Jesuit  mission  entitled  St.  Francois  Xavier  was  fnunH^H  f     i 
m.ss,on.    The  usual  orthography  is  Caughnawaga.- ia  "  "'""" 


.1 


ir 


ft'i 


»i 


[6]  A  Description  of  the  Village  and  Inhabitants  of  Cahnu- 
AGA,  or  CocKNAWAGA,  who  some  years  since  separated 
from  the  Mohawks. 

The  Savages  of  this  nation,  who  are  called  the  pravine 
Indians,  from  the  circumstance  of  their  chiefs  wea'ring 

w^htr''  Ca  ^u^^.  '^'°"^^  '^'  '''''''  °f  Montreal 
with  their  beads  beggmg  alms,  separated  long  since  from 

he  Mohawk  and  River  Indians,  and  for  a  considerable 
time  after  their  separation,  carried  on  an  illicit  trade  be- 
ween  Albany  and  Montreal.    The  village  contains  about 
two  hundred  houses,  which,  though  they  are  chiefly  b,.Ut 
of  s.one,  have  a  mean  and  dirty  appearance.    The  in- 
habitants amoun.  to  about  eight  hundred,  and  (what  is 
contrary  to  the  general  observation  on  the  population  of 
the  Indians)  are  continuaUy  increasing.    It  is  considered 
as  the  most  respectable  of  all  the  Indian  villages,  and  the 
people  are  m  a  great  degree  civUized  and  industrious. 
They  sow  corn,  and  do  not  depend  like  other  nations 
solely  upon  huntmg  for  support;  but  at  the  same  time 
they  are  not  fond  of  laborious  work,  conceiving  it  onljJ 
suited  to  those  who  are  less  free,  and  retaining  so  much 
of  their  primeval  valour  and  independence  as  to  annex  the 
Idea  of  slavery  to  every  domestic  employment.    Their 
hunting  grounds  are  within  the  United  States,  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  the  .JIage,  round  Fort  George, 
Ticonderoga,  and  Crown  Point,  where  they  kill  beave; 
and  deer,  but  not  in  such  great  abundance  at  present  as 
they  did  formerly,  the  country  being  better  inhabited, 


i 

I 


1768-1783]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  39 

and  the  wild  animals,  from  the  present  state  of  popula- 
tion, being  obliged  to  seek  a  more  distant  [7]  and  secure  re- 
treat.   The  skins  they  obtain  are  generally  brought  down 
to  Montreal,  and  either  sold  for  money,  or  bartered  for 
goods.    It  is  not  improbable,  that  in  a  few  years  there 
wDl  not  be  many  good  hunters  among  them,  as  they  are 
extravagantly  fond  of  dress,  and  that  too  of  the  most 
expensive  kind.     Their  fondness  for  this  luxury,  which 
the  profits  arising  from  the  lands  they  let  out  to  the 
Canadians  enables  them  to  indulge,  contributes  to  make 
them  more  idle;  and  in  proportio'i  as  their  vanit>  in- 
creases, ease  and  indolence  are  the  more  eagerly  courted 
and  gratified,  insomuch  that  hunting  is  in  danger  of 
being   totaUv     •:andoned.    Their  religion   is  Catholic, 
and  they    _      a  French  priest,  or,  as  the  Chippeway 
Indians  term  it      The  Master  of  Life's  Man,"  who  in- 
structs them,  and  performs  divine  service  in  the  Iroquois 
tongue.    Their  devotion  impressed  my  mind  too  power- 
fully to  suffer  it  to  pass  unnoticed,  and  induces  me  to 
observe  that  great  praise  is  due  to  their  pastors,  who  by 
unwearied  assiduity,  and  their  own  exemplary  lives  and 
conversation,  have  converted  a  savage  race  of  beings  from 
Heathenism  to  Christianity,  and  by  uniformity  of  con- 
duct, continue  to  preserve  both  their  religion  and  them- 
selves in  the  esteem  of  their  converts:    An  example 
worthy  of  imitation,  and  amounting  to  an  incontrovertible 
proof  that  nature,  in  her  most  degenerate  state,  may  be 
reclaimed  by  those  who  are  sincere  in  theu-  endea^'ours, 
gentle  in  their  manners,  and  consistent  in  the  general 
tenor  of  their  behaviour.    Ant"  it  is  to  be  expected,  and 
certamly  most  ardently  to  be  wished,  that  the  savage 
temper  among  them  may  in  time  be  more  effectually  sub- 
dued, their  natural  impetuosity  softened  and  restrained, 


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40 


Early  IVestern  Travels 


[Vol. 


to  the  use  of  strong  liquors;  their  indulgence  in  whicli  is 


1 


[8]  0}  the  Indians  o}  the  Five  and  Six  Nations. 
I  SHALL  now  give  a  particular  account  of  the  Indians  of 
the  Five  and  Six  Nations,  and  the  reasons  why  they  are 
so  called,  in  order  to  enable  the  reader  to  form  an  idea 
of  their  consequence  in  a  political  point  of  view,  as  well 
as  their  importance  on  account  of  the  fur  trade;  because 
♦he  vicinity  of  the  American  territories  from  Georgia  to 
New  England,  gives  the  United  States  .  great  command 
and  influence  from  their  situation,  and  renders  them  more 
to  be  dreaded  than  even  the  French  were  in  the  zenith  of 
their  American  power,  when  it  was  universally  known 
they  had  such  an  interest  among  the  savages,  as  induced 
them  to  call  the  French  their  fathers,  and  of  which  so 
much  yet  remains,  as  to  prompt  thcrn  to  retain  a  predi- 
lection in  favour  of  the  traders  of  the  Gallic  race  who  are 
settled  among  them. 

In  1603,  when  the  French  settled  in  Canada,  part  of 
the  Five  Nations  resided  on  the  island  of  Montreal,  and 
were  at  war  with  the  Adirondacks  (who  lived  on  the 
Uttawa,  or  grand  river  leading  to  Michillimakinac);" 
these,  considered  the  Five  Nations  as  very  insignificant 
opponents,  and  incapable  of  serious  revenge,  and  they 
were  held  in  as  much  derision  as  the  Delawares,  who  were 
usually  called  old  women,  or  the  Shawanees  (who  lived 
on  the  Wabach  River),  who  were  obliged  to  wear  petti- 
coats for  a  considerable  time,  in  contempt  of  their  want 
of  courage,  and  as  a  badge  of  their  pusillanimity  and 

'»  Long  uses  as  his  historical  authority  the  work  of  Cadwallader  Colden 
(whom  he  later  cites  directly),  Hislory  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations  (New  York, 
1727)-  Coldcn  appears  to  have  taken  much  of  his  material  from  Bacqueville 
de  la  Potherie's  Histoire  de  VAm^rique  SeptentrionaU  (Paris,  1722).  But 
Long  docs  not  bUndly  follow  Colden,  and  adds  other  material  —  Ed 


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E.arly  H'estern  Travels 


[Vol. 


chiefs  detcTmined  to    oui^L  ^'^"'''""^'  ^''^''^^ter.  the 

Jatc  them  to  retrie  e/or"tab  7""'  ""'  '"'  ■'"■""■ 
spiring  them  uith  he  ok  no  fon  ^' ^'  reputation;  and  in- 

the  Satanas,  or  SharnonT  V      ^^''" '"  ^'^  "^'"'^ 
great  ease.    This  succe 7,^,,^^^^^  '^'\  ^"^^^  -th 
and  forgetting  how  of^n  th/v  .  V^""  ^'^'^P'^S  spirits, 
Adirondacks  fthevO  /  ^  ^^"^  ^*^"  ^^^^ated  by  the 

-ci  ava.tg^\iixrrthrmf  ^  ^^^'""^^  ^^-= 

t^nemies  entertained  of  their  Li  "   ""P'"'""    ^^^'f 

several  actions:  and  at  la  t  Ik  ^''"'^  '^'  ^''^^^^^  '" 
against  them  even  in    hlTr  nT'      °"  '  ^"^^^'^^f"'  ^^'^ 

Five  Nations.  The  first  enV  ^^'^°"^^<^ks  against  the 
favour  of  the  Adirondlcks  oT'"'''  ?'°''^  ^^"^'^^  ■" 
fire  arms  having^en  i^L  "f  '""'"'^  *°  ^'^^  "«^  of 
new  aUies,  wj^kh  the  ^^^"'1  T^"^  ^^^"^  ^y  their 

never  l.fore  set.^Jf  r^Ltetd't'^^''"^^^  ^^^ 
defeat  was  far  from  suhd.nn^  %  ?  ^  consequent 
Nations,  but  ratheT  seemeTf  ^'^^eartening  the  Five 
tional  a;dour,  !nd  X,  tf  "''P?  '^^"^  ^"^  ^^di- 
skUl  and  suitable  wl  ^. ""''""  ''"fi"*^"*  ^  niilitary 

and  coura  r^th^T^L^Frr^^^^  ^^-^^^- 
vantages  over  them  in  the  course  of  ^''"'^  T''""^  ^^- 
years,  they  at  length  were  ^'hTV  ""T  '^^"  ^^^^^^ 
conclusion,  by  rlllT,^ X^^^^^'  -"^  ^  ^ 

eas^    tot-:^^^^^^^^^^^ 
s-.them.L-tS^,-n---.;f^ 


17'>8-I782] 


J.  Long's  Foyagc's  a„J  Traieh 


4J 

U  expedient,  from  policy,  to  keep  possession  of  Canada 
This  being  admitted,  it  is  certain  that  no  method  will 
more  effectually  conduce  to  that  end,  than  retainingsuc 
ba  ners  m  our  hands  as  will  enable  us  to  afford  them  pro 
tec  aon    and  supply  them  with  arms  and  ammunitbn 
and  other  necessaries,  in  time  of  danger 
The  Indians  who  lie  to  the  north  of  Philadelphia   be- 

hawk     and  O   "!  '"'""'  "'  ^''^'^^  '""^  •^-^'<-   Mo- 
Hawks,   and   Onondagoes,   who  are  called   the  father, 

compose  the  first;  the  Oneidoes,  Cayugas    Tuscoora  ' 

Conoys  and  Nanticokes,  which  kre  one' trib^    comr' 

called  the  Six  Mt.ons.    The  third  league  is  form..]  of 

cons  Munseys,  and  Wapingers,  to  which  may  be  added 
the  Mmgoes.  The  Co^etas,  or  Creek  Indians  are  also 
united  m  friendship  with  them." 

Mr  Colden  says,  the  nations  who  arc  joined  together 
by  a  league  or  confederacy,  like  the  United  Provinces  o 
Holland,  are  known  by  the  names  of  Mohawks,  Oney 
does,  Onondagoes,  Cayugas,  and  Senekas;  that  each  of 
these  nations  is  again  divided  into  three  triis  or  famLs 

itZdwT'^V'  *'^  "^"^^^  °^  *he  Tortos,' 
Pear,  and  Wolf;  and  that  the  Tuscororas,  after  the  wai^ 

and  with  the  consent  of  the  S^xnI?^  J   H  h    "'TT  °'  ^"^''^'^  P"P"''^"°"  - 
Susquehanna.  '"°"'  ^""^  ^"''^'^  °"  '^e  upper  waters  of  the 

(asub-tribeoftheDLwairheW      "''\^-''""''^''  ^^^^^^ 
who  were  a.,  s.^^Tl'^J;^^^^^^^^^^ 

confederacy  in  Alabama   of  which  ro„,  I         ^^^^^  """"  "  P"'^'''^"' 

Chattahoochee  River  -  ko  ^^"  '^'  ^"""P"'  ^'^'''"^  ""  the 


'    1 


jl'if 


It 


\ 


44 


^frlyJVestern  Travels  jvol.  , 

they  had  with  the  people  ^7^^^^^^^^'^^^^.^ 
Nafons,  an.l  mcorporatocl  with  them,  so  that  in  fact  the, 
now  c..ns.st  of  six.  although  they  still  retain  the  name 
of  the  Five  Nations."    This  union  is  of  such  Ion.  .Jura 
t.on  as  to  leave  little  or  no  traces  of  its  oriRin 

I.  ij  Baron  Lahontan  observes,  that  the  Iroquois  arc  in 
reahty  but  one  nation,  divided  into  five  districts  and 
whach  he  distinguishes  in  the  following  manner: -The 
I-sonontouans  the  Goyogans.  the  Onontagues.  the 
eyouts.  and  the  Agnies,  who  were  all  settled  l.^u 
thirty  leagues  from  each  other,  near  the  great  Lake 
Frontcnac,  now  called  Ontario 

th  JfL' ^^  t-''"''  "■  ^^"''' ""''  '^'  "^"^^  "•«'-'''^^-  ^'"onK 

iors  Th"  '  "tlT''  "^  "^^^  ^^•^•^"  hundre.1  war 
no  s.  1  hey  are  called  by  the  French.  Agnies.  or  Annies 
and  were  onginally  settled  on  the  French  or  g  and  Riv    ' 

eadmg  to  Michillimakinac.  from  whence  they  aft  rw  rd^ 
removed  to  the  Mohawk  River,  near  dchenectady  Xu 
sixteen  miles  from  Albany,  in  the  state  of  New  Y^k 
Since  the  war  in  1757  th  have  separated,  and  part  of 
the  nation  is  settled  on  the  grand  river,  near  Nbgara 
and  the  rest  at  the  back  of  the  bay  of  Quenty,  or  Ke  ty 
about  forty-eight  miles  above  Cataraqui,  the  capit  1  oi 
theLoyahst  settlements  on  the  River  St  LaurenctJ^^' 

..:::^])r:rcts.:rxS;r°;::r^^^      --  see 

Kew  France,  mentioning  this  fact.-  Ed.  *""  ""■'  ^'""""^  °^ 

went  .0.  the  ^.^crs^uli     "    ^^roTuL  o'^Jtln  ^^' ^H^r  "V^""'""'^ 
Canada.     General  Haldimm,!  »■/.        i  0""»"<'.  and  founded  Upf«?r 

.  ;84  was  the  year  of  iu^;^^!;:       T  e  M  H  "T"'^,'  *""  ""  — -'■  -^ 
of  Brant,  removed  al>,ut  t"e  same  ,im?to  the  7  "'""''" '''^ ''"'''"•''■P 

Long.     Descendants  of  this   rf^sti    Uve  int  "r"""""'  '"'""'""^'^  ^^ 

of  the  land  h.,  been  aliena  ed  -  Fd  "'  '"°  '''^'"''"-  '"'*'°"8h  most 


■  7ft8-i7Sil     7.  Long's  Voyages  and  TravcU  45 

Cataraqui,  or  Fort  Fronti-nac,  is  built  near  to  the  i)lacc 
where  Lake  Ontario  clisdiarges  itself  into  the  River  St. 
Laurence.  It  was  erecte<l  by  Le  Comte  de  Frontenac, 
governor  gi-neral  of  Canada,  to  sto[)  the  incursions  of  the 
IrtKjuois,  and  divert  the  channel  of  the  commerce  in 
peltry,  which  that  people  carried  on  with  the  inhabitants 
of  New  York,  and  which  they  hirtered  for  with  the 
Savages  by  merchandize,  at  a  cheai)er  rate  than  the 
French  could  sujjply  them. 

This  fort  was  at  first  built  of  w(kkI  and  turf,  and  sur- 
rounded with  high  pickets,  but  during  the  mission  of 
Father  Hennepin,  it  was  faced  [12]  w  ith  stone,  by  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Sieur  Cavelier  de  la  Salle,  and  enlarged  to  a 
circuit  of  more  than  seven  hundred  yards.  The  bason 
in  which  it  stands  is  capable  of  holding  a  numlwr  of  ves- 
sels of  considerable  burthen.  There  is  a  small  garrison 
at  present,  and  a  commanding  officer,  to  examine  all 
boats  which  pass  either  to  the  new  settlements  or  the 
upper  posts.'* 

The  Oneidoes,  or  Oneyouts,  the  Onond?goes,  Cayugas, 
Senekas,  or  Tsonontouans,  and  the  Tuscororas,  who  live 
with  the  Oneidoes  and  Onondagocs,  are  settled  about 
thirty  leagues  distant  from  each  other,  and  none  of  them 
exceeding  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  the  Mohawk 
River.  All  these  nations  express  peace  by  the  metaphor 
of  a  tree,  whose  top  they  say  will  reach  the  sun,  and  whose 
branches  extend  far  abroad,  not  only  that  they  may  be 

"  This  is  a  good  r^sumd  of  the  history  of  Fort  Frontcnar,  which  was  built 
m  1673,  abandoned  during  the  Inxiuois  War  in  1689,  but  restored  in  1695. 
La  Salle  was  for  several  years  proprietor  of  the  fort,  the  revenues  from  which 
pa^ed  afterwards  to  the  royal  treasury.  In  .  758,  Fort  Frontenac  was  captured 
and  destroyed  by  a  British  expedition,  after  which  it  fell  into  disuse,  until  the 
Loyalists  re-garrisoned  it  about  1784.—  Ed. 


I 


.1 


rl 


i( 


'i''i 


!»    , 


m\ 


f; 


If 


V 


{Vol,    , 

Pennsylvania::   to  '     tZ:!?^^"  ■"  ""'  """  '" 
the  Lakes  Ontario  nndrl^u      "'"''■''  "«"')■  '<> 

"-0  eas,om   C    a  i  /•'■/::  '';?'"T  '"'""'»■  -" 
l'niu-<l  Slates.  Hiamplam,   and   the 

The  firmness  of  this  Infnif.  .k„ 
Claims,  the  numlxT    f    'c^  'f'  f^'^^^'^^^^t  of  land  it 

the  undaunted  cou  ae  and  T?  u  ^^°^'"^^'^'  ^'"^ 
niembcTsofitintTrconTVt  .''^.'''^  '''''"""«" '"^^  the 
European  na  ion  aH  con  ?  '  '^  "''^  '^''  '^'-^^'^^^  ""d 
of  an  alh-ancc  S  th  ^'{7-  '"""T  *'^  «""^  P^^'^'^ 
in  case  of  a  dispme  S'tt  1  '"  ""^'"^^^'^  ^^^^'  '''^t 
make  but  a  feeble  re^Un  r^r'"'5^"«'  '^e  posts  would 
and  deprivtJ  o  tr  !^t?^  "'^^""^  'h^'>  exertions; 

lost  to  this  country  ''  '''  '"■"  ^^^^^  ^'^^'^  ^n  be 

baLt!\"rc::^:::i:f?i^r'r  .^"'  "*"-'*^  «^  ^'^^e 

to  shew  the  propriew  o   1^°'      "^  '''^'  ^"^  ^"'^^•^^'""•• 

notwithstand^nTbX^^^^^^^^^^ 

States,  they  were  PTnrPcd     \-     ,  ^'^  '^''  ^">ted 

auhoughi.^srprXifLr.hiuhrA'^  '5'"™  ""■■ 

be  able  to  (uMI  ,ho  treatv  „„  rt  ■  ""^  ^"'""^'"'s  will 
.f-  to  ntake  a  reaSrd  ^T-' »  ^  ^  ™'"'= 
da™  as  government  n^ustabsoluTdyadn,,."""  ""■  " 
S.   L  u'rtrlr o  "°f  :,'  °'«^-"^-  o"  "-^  River 

MontrearaTthfm  ulo  r  aacTlf''^  "^  *- 
-  about  an  hundred  Sa^'  e^'^L'^'-.-^y  - 


^m-Mfwt 


■?■' 


47 


i768-i78i]     J.  Long's  royagt-s  an  J  Travels 

quent  it.  and  arc  calk.l  OswcKatchr  Indians,  aithoud, 
they  btlonK  to  the    triUs  of  the  Imvc  Xation    '^     To  this 
fort  the   inhabitants  of  New   En^lanfl    may  witii  ease 
transport  goods,   to  .supply  ,ho   Mohawks,   Cahnua^as, 
Conncxxiagas.  St.  Rcgi.s,  and  .some  straggh-ng  Mes.sesaw- 
ger  Indians,  who  live  near  the  Detroit, •«  at  a  smaller 
cxpente  than  thev  can  pos.sil)lv  Ik-  obtained   imni  the 
merchants   at    Quelxr    or    xMontre.d.    but    j    ,       ,  ,,rly 
Rum,   which   is  now   become  an   essential   requisite   in 
every   transaction   with   the   Savages;   for   though   they 
iiscl  formerly  often  to  complain  of  the  intrrxluction  of 
strong  water  by  the  traders  (as  appears  by  the  language 
of  their  chiefs  in  council)  to  the  prejudice  of  their  young 
men,  yet  they  have  not  now  the  resolution  to  refrain  from 
the  use  of  it;- on  the  contrary,  it  is  become  so  familiar 
and  even  neces.sary  to  them,  that  a  drunken  frolic  is 
I14J  looked  upon  as  an  indispensible  requisite  in  a  barter, 
and  anticipated  with  extreme  delight, 
^rlton  Island  is  higher  up  the  river,  and  has  greater 

Ution.  Th«  Sulpiuan  „„.„onary  cam.  .0  Canada  in  ,7,4.  and  aft.r  s^-veral 
years  servjce  in  the  colonies  fouaded  ■!,„  establ^hmcn  n  .74,,  v  u'cthe 
a.y  of  OKdensbur«,  N'ew  Yo.k.  now  stands.     He  wa.,  successlu.    n        r^c.  ng 

loT-T'uf':  '".'  '"'  '"  '"  ^•"'™""'  """■>■  "^^  "^""-"'^  Indians! 
who  espoused  the  V  rench  cause  in  the  French  and  Indian  War.     In  .  760,  Picnue 

reured  ,0  New  Orleans,  and  thence  „.  France.  The  English,  on  tak.W  1^. 
s.on.  changed  the  name  of  the  post  to  For.  Oswegatchie.  It  wa,  garris.'nrdrd 
main(,,med  until  after  Jays  Treaty  in  1704.  K-^msonea  and 

mi '■?,''  """  f"  '"^  **'"  purchased  by  Ogden,  an<l  the  .settlement  of  the 
modern  city  wa,s  begun  four  years  later.—  Ed. 

of  j" 'I''' ^'''''^^''8"^''"^^'"^  '^•"'^  «"'  "^et  by  the  French  on  the  north  shore 
of  Lake  Huron,  and  formed  part  of  the  Sault  Ste    Marie  mission  (.670-7,) 

Si^hundTed.'  ""■  '  """"''°"  '"  ''"'""  *'"'''™'  --""^  """"--  ->«"» 

JesuU  RelaUons  (Thwaitcs's  ed  .  Cleveland,  .896-.90.),  inHe^.-  Ed. 


H  ' 


i 


T 


'k 


i 


i  % 


It 


^1%  , 


\ 


K 


r    i  \ 

I 

1 


48 


Early  IVestem  Travels 


^^  [Vol.  2 

soncd.       It  affords  excellent  accommodation  for  shk, 

pmg  and  may  be  considered  as  the  naval  storehous^^o; 

upplymg  Niagara  and  the  other  posts.    xTere  are  v  ' 

Fort  Oswego,  on  Lake  Ontario,  formerly  called  Lake 

mands  the  openmg  to  the  North,  or  Hudson's  mZ 
protecting  the  trade  with  the  Indians  who  H^e  on  the 
b«nks  of  the  River  St.  Laurence,  and  the  whoL  ext  n 
ofthe  great  sheet  of  water  near  which  it  stands  tckoni 

_When  the  English  were  in  possession  of  the  Colonies 

"  The  mouth  of  the  Oswego  River  was  earlv  n„.  a 

.nrelauon  to  the  Iroquois  coumryanTthe/urtrldeC^ 

'615.  and  Frontenac  in  1602      In  ,,,!  r  \  Champlam  passed  here  in 

permission  from  the  In^n^ois  to  e  ect  a^-H™"  """^'  °'  ""'^  ^°'^  — <» 
the  protests  of  the  French  bu  U  a  f:rt^■^.t"6  ^  th ''''  ^'"''  ^""^  ^^^P'"' 
(so  called  by  the  French)  was  esnedal  nhn  ^"  u"  ^''  °^  Choueguen 
all  'hcmoreso.  when(.;4,)sTrEm  John  r-.'°u'''^  ^'""'''  f^-t'-'ders; 
its  walls.     Montcalm  or^niL  an  cIIh?,  "l"  '''  '^""^'"^  P°^'  '"^'"^-'h 

was  compelled  to  retreat  when  F^-rh!^'  ""^  "''•"^'^'^  ''  '"  '756;  but 
.he  rendezvous  for  Zs:ct^!!rBHtrTf  ^T^^'-"'-  I'  "-  also 
After  the  fall  of  New  France  The  Brinl  ?  ^"^  ^'""'^■"''«-  '"  '7S8. 

it  was  from  here  that  St.  W^t  J^d  on  ^r""^'""'  "P^'^"'  '"^  f""'  -<1 
i"  '777.  It  was  headquane^  forThe  Ci^n  Tt"'""  ""  ''^  ^'"''''^''  Galley 
'".  Brant,  and  Johnson  stTrt^d  th  nee  "n  t.  '""  3°^  '^^'P'"«  P''"'-^  "  But- 
at  the  close  of  the  RevoluUon   and  no.H  T""':  "  *^  '"  ^""^h  "ands 

Traces  of  the  BriUsh  fort  wer   to"^   It    ^  -Vn^  ^""^"^^"^  ""'"  ^^^'^ 


1 768-1 782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


49 


I 


Albany  commanded  the  trade  with  the  Indians;  and  it  is 

well  known  that  no  place  in  America  furnished  such  a 

quantity  of  furs  and  skins,  not  even  the  Hudson's  Bay 

settlements,  whose  utmost  extent  of  trade  is  far  inferior 

to  the  produce  collected  here.     These  furs  and  skins  were 

procured  from  Canada,  and  brought  to  Fort  Oswego  by 

the  Indians,  who  disposed  of  them  to  the  agents  sent 

there  by  the  merchants  of  Albany.     [15]  Besides,  Indian 

goods  may  be  conveyed  from  Albany  to  Fort  Oswego  at  a 

cheaper  rate  than  from  Montreal  to  the  new  settlements 

at  Cataraqui  and  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Kenty,  and  at 

less  risk,  because  the  stream  of  the  Mohawk  River  is  not 

so  strong  as  that  of  the  Cataraqui  River,  between  the 

Lake  and  Montreal,  and  there  arc  not  so  many  falls  of 

water. 

Fort  Niagara  is  on  the  same  lake,  where  there  is  also 
a  good  garrison."  This  lake  takes  its  rise  from  Lake 
Erie,  and  after  a  course  of  fifteen  leagues,  empties  itself 
into  Lake  Ontario.  About  four  leagues  before  it  enters 
the  lake,  it  is  intercepted  by  the  great  fall  which  is  men- 
tioned by  various  authors,  who  do  not  agree  in  opinion 
respecting  its  height;  but  from  the  most  authentic  ac- 

"  Fort  Niagara,  one  of  the  chain  of  posts  established  by  the  French,  and 
later  maintained  by  the  British  to  protect  Canada,  has  had  a  long  and  interesting 
history.  Hennepin  and  La  Salle  were  there  in  1679,  when  a  small  blockhouse 
was  constructed,  which  was  later  burned  by  the  Senccas.  Denonville  erected 
a  fort  here  in  1687,  which  was  abandoned  September  15,  1688.  No  permanent 
establishment  was  made  on  the  spot  until  1726,  when  Governor  Beauharnais 
ordered  a  fort  built  to  counteract  that  of  the  English  at  Oswego.  This  was 
garrisoned  and  maintained  by  the  French,  unUl  Sir  William  Johnson  captured 
It  in  I7S0.  At  Niagara,  in  1764,  Johnson  met  the  Indian  naUons  in  a  general 
treaty  of  peace.  During  the  Revolution,  the  post  was  steadily  maintained  by 
the  British,  and  proved  an  important  base  of  supplies  for  the  Western  forts. 
After  the  Revolution,  it  remained  in  British  hands  until  1796.  In  the  War  of 
i8i2-is,  it  was  captured  by  the  British,  and  restored  to  the  Americans  at  the 
close  of  the  conflict.  For  further  details  see  Severance.  Old  Trails  on  the 
Ntagara  Frontier  (Buffalo,  1899).—  Ed. 


.i 


\ 

11- 


i  fli    ■^1 


hundred  and  fortv-<;iy  f^«f       j  \  ^^  '°  ^  0"e 

and  forty,  .!^^  ZlX:' i^!  f ''''''' '"^^^^^^ 
Hennepin  and  La  SpIIp  I  ^''°""*'  ^^  father 

The  distance  from  Forfr         ''^^'  '^'  '^""^^^^  f'^t. 
two  hundred rd^ttr  "^  ' t T  ' ''  ^^"^ 
country,  which  I  trJu^I .Tt^^l^T^^^^^ 
days.    This  post  therefore  is  nfT  ^"^  ^'^^^ 

portance  to  protect  the  TnH,-  u      ""^'^  "''^"^'^^  i"^' 

Great  Britain,  and  to  se'.t^^^^^^      "^  ^"  ^"'^^  -t^ 
advantage  of  their  trade  '"^"'^^^  ^"^  ""^^^^'^ed 

from   the   Ohfo    Ilhnof  X'  "'  """^"'^  ^^^  ^^^^^ 
Lakes,  which  po;tst^^^^^^^^  '"^   ^'^^   Upper 

rons,  Miamis,'S,  S^^^^^^  ^-- 

rora  Indians,  besides  ^heSe^Lgi^^^'  ^"'  ^""°- 

3-sTf  tw^- rd:t:^ -^^^^^^^^  three 

aj^at  a  very  small  distance  from  the  L:;a1is!TeSm:n;:' 

cos  of  S.66,ooo.  Here  was  held  the  t^a'ty  of"  S  K  "T-  f  "''^'  '°  '"«'  -'  ^ 
of  Indun  lands  was  made,  and  the  hoTJs  Sn^^^  ^^  '  ^'^""^'  P"^^''^" 
Revolution  it  fell  into  American  hanr.n^  bo"ndanes  settled.  Early  in  the 
which  ^vithstood  the  siege  o"st  Le^  '  A^"^  "^-cWstened  Fort  Schuyler 
;'aimed  that  the  Pr.s..Al!,  ^^171^:/:'^  ''''''  '"  '^•"-  ^^ 
raised  over  the  battlements  of  Fort  srhuvtr  ./  "^^ '"  '^77.  was  first 
was  rebuilt,  and  reverted  to  its  Iv    7  ^''"  '^^  Revolution,  the  fort 

t-atiesw.UtheIro,uoistn  ;  \:ri  rr  "^^  ^^  '"-'d  ■'"Po«ln 
';'  •^°^-''  Valley  was  ceded  to  the  wWts  T  '"  1  "''^'^  '"-''  '^^  - 
-smadem  t;85,  by  Connecticut  emigrant  -  En      ""''"'"'  ^^"'  '»>«  '"" 

-rhisto.ofOe.roitseevol.iofthepre3e„tseries.p.,,„otetS.-Eo. 


f 

■a 

I 


tl 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels 


SJ_ 

The  last  post  is  Michmimakinac,  which  is  situated  be- 
tween Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Michigan,  upon  an  isthmus, 
about  one  hundred  and  thirty  leagues  long,  and  twenty- 
two  wide,  and  is  the  last  fortress  towards  the  north-west. 
This  point  of  land  is  on  the  north  of  the  straits  through 
which  the  Lake  of  the  Ilinois,  or  Michigan,  three  hundred 
leagues  in  circumference,  empties  into  Lake  Huron 
which  is  of  equal  extent.  The  strait  is  about  three 
leagues  long,  and  one  broad,  and  half  a  league  distant 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Ilinois." 

This  is  perhaps  the  most  material  of  all  the  barriers, 
and  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  commercial  interest 
of  this  country,  as  it  intercepts  all  the  trade  of  the  Indians 
of  the  upper  country  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  affords  protection  to  various  tribes  of  Savages 
who  constantly  resort  to  it  to  receive  presents  from  the 
commanding  officer,  and  from  whence  the  traders,  who 
go  to  the  north-west,  take  their  departure  for  the  grand 
portage,  or  grand  carrying  place,  which  is  nine  miles  in 
length,  before  they  enter  on  the  waters  communicatine 
with  the  north-west." 

nl^r  """  T""^°l  Mackinac,  see  "Story  of  Mackinac,"  in  Thwaites's 
Hcnv  George  Rogers  Clark  ^on  the  Northwest,  and  Other  Essays  in  Western 
H../<,ry  (Chicago  X903).  By  the  -isthmus-  the  author  means  the  Upper 
Pemnsula  of  Michigan;  the  "point  of  land"  must  signify  the  island  of  Macki- 
nac.     The     mouth  of  the  Ilhnois"  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Michigan.- Ed. 

b..,!?' m'^  ^°'"^'  "'^'  '^"  '°"''  ^^'  '^'  ^'K*^"  ^''"  ('he  present  boundary 
bc^tween  Mmne«,ta  and  Ontario)  to  the  lakes  and  streams  of  the  NorthwesT 
The  term  was  first  appUed  to  the  carrying  place,  nine  miles  long,  and  later 

Lt  !xnf '"  H  k'7  T-'"'''f  '"""^  °^  ""^  '"°"'*'  "f  '^'^  "^^^-  This  route  was 
fi^  explored  by  La  Verendrye  in  1731  -  (see  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections. 
xvu,  for  a  map  of  this  region  drawn  by  an  Indian  for  La  Verendrye).  It  became 
the  estabhshed  fur-trade  route  to  the  Northwest,  and  a  place  of  p-eat  importance 

eLh/,^  h '""'  'Y^r^-^"-^-  ^-  ^  'I'^-riP'i-  of  the  route  and  the  traders 
gathered  here  m  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  see  Mackenzie 
Voyages  through  North  A  merica  (London,  180. ).-  Ed  *iacKenae, 


i 

M 

t., 

it!, 

.'  '  1: 


[ 


P 

ill. 
'll"' 

m 


ft* 


52 


Early  Western  Travels  jvol.  2 


Were  the  Enghsh  to  remain  in  possession  of  every  part 
of  Canada,  except  the  posts,  numbc-rless  doors  would  be 
eft  open  for  the  Americans  [:  7]  to  smuggle  in  their  goods 
and  m  process  of  time  the  illicit  trade  would  supersede 
the  necessity  of  the  exportation  of  British  goods  from 
England  to  Canada,  and  the  commercial  benffits  arisll," 
from  the  consumption  of  our  manufactures  would  be  en 

So  fT'V'*  ^^"'  ^^"^^^  -"'^  be  of  little  ser- 
h  s  worthfl       '"  '  '^^'""^ercial  point  of  view:  How  far 
IS  worth  the  expence  of  retaining,  politically  considered, 
isnot  for  me  to  discuss." 

and^a^r^mttf iL't^Irr"fK''°"  T  '''""  '*"=  ^°"''^"'  ^^^  Western  posts. 

the  British  DebU^'ifllenv'nH-t''^.^''^''^'^"'  "^"'^™  ^'^'^  ""I 
isn  ijeots,    in  Aiaencan  Histoncal  Association  Report,  1894.-  Ed. 


M 


I 


[i8]  Indian  Scouts,  and  Manner  of  Scalping. 

Having  endeavoured  to  explam  the  nature  and  im- 
portance of  the  Five  and  Six  Nation  Indians,  and  de- 
scribed the  situation  of  the  posts,  and  the  probable  con- 
sequences of  complying  with  the  treaty,  I  shall  return  to 
my  situation  at  Montreal. 

Having  stayed  with  my  employer  seven  years,  and  not 
being  willing  to  enter  into  a  new  agreement,  I  determined 
to  pursue  the  bent  of  my  mclinations;  and  being  naturally 
of  a  roving  disposition,  which  was  increased  by  my 
frequent  associations  with  the  Savages,  I  entered  a  vol- 
unteer at  the  head  of  a  party  of  Indians,  thinking  that 
my  country  might  at  some  future  period  derive  advantage 
from  my  more  intimate  knowledge  of  the  country  and  its 
language. 

My  entrie  was  in  1775,  when  a  party  of  about  thirty  of 
the  Americans,  commanded  by  the  famous  Ethan  Allen, 
appeared  at  Long  Point,  about  two  miles  from  Montreal, 
intending  to  plunder  the  town;  they  were  however  disap- 
pointed in  their  expectations  by  the  good  conduct  of 
captain  Crawford  of  the  twenty-sixth  regiment,  who 
with  about  forty  regulars  and  some  volunteers  sallied  out 
and  made  the  enemy  retreat  to  a  bam,  where  an  engage- 
ment took  place,  in  which  major  Garden,  Mr.  Paterson, 
a  volunteer,  and  three  privates  were  killed,  and  I  was 
wounded  in  the  foot;  but  on  the  arrival  of  a  field  piece, 
the  enemy  surrendered." 

[19]  Being  beloved  by  the  Indians,  and  preferring  active 
service  with  them  to  any  other  mode  of  life,  I  accom- 

"This  action  took  place  September  24,  1775,  and  was  the  occasion  of  the 
capture  and  imprisonment  of  Ethan  Men.  For  his  own  narrative  of  this  event 
see  HaU,  Ethan  AUen  (New  York,  1892),  pp.  1 10-1 19.—  Ed 


f 


\    i 


} 

m 

M'  ■    It 


U 


i 


54 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  a 

Butler,  with  a  few  Mohawks,  to  attack  the  Amencans 
prisoners.    During  the  engagement  we  lost  two  volunteers 

Forr./vM^  ^'^''''^-    'T^^  P"^n-«  wre  left  a; 
Fort  St.  Vielle,  or  Pnson  Island,  at  the  foot  of  the  Falls 
under  a  proper  guard;  and  the  remains  of  our  Ima  I 
army   consisting  of  about  one  hundred  and  fiftv  rZ 
cTnl'  tT«^^^  '^''^"^  ^°  ^"^^^^  -o'her  Ldy  of  AmeH-' 
ireaied  to  Pomt  Clair,  where  we  stayed  tHl  we  received 

Th  s  waf^o'st  a^"^,!!!'^  '""J^^  Gordon  was  killed 
j^s  way  .0  St.  John's,  about  two  miles  from  the  fort!- 

Lake  Champlain  -  wrote  Sep.emtrif    "  c  """  '""  ""^  ''^'"'^  »' 

mentioned:  "I  went  down  the  rivTrVheot'hrrH^'  '°"""""^  """  ''''™'^*'  »>"- 
to  cut  off  the  communication  LTwee„  St    ToW  T'^  ^  °'  'T  '"'^"' '"  "^"^^ 
ment  marched  off  from  the  boats  at  nLhf     "L      ?      "^  Montreal.     The  detach- 
in  the  utmost  confusion  ^1Ca!?i;T  nil  "^''^^ 
il/o«/^<««.y  (Poughkeepsie,  187S   p    "  ""^"""'*  ^'"'"^  ^^*''''' 

Lieutenant  WaUer  Butler  was'  a  New  York  x 
Butler,  who  led  the  Indians  to  the  VVvomTn;  V»^.      '^'  '""  °^  '^°'°"^-'  J°''" 
was  v^th  St.  Leger  in  .;„,  and  w^  I'p Zd'sl  "iLTr"^"    V:""  ^""" 
ler.     Escaping  from  prison  at  Albany  heTed  T.  T  ^^'  °'  ^°"  ^"''"y 

massacre  (,„8).    He  seems  to  havTUen  Iptd"^^^^^^  '°  "t  '^''^"^  '''""^^ 
own  associates.     Brant  said  he  was   -'mnro  .       '"""y-  "^"  ^^^  his 

selves."    He  was  killed  and  scalpTd  at  But'r-r"';  ''T  ^'"^  "^^^^^  "«^™- 

-  in  r;8r.  b.  an  Oneida.  whoU'dr;;;r:r"rX"^.i^^^^ 

8th  regiZr^nd^cl^^nd  otcaTarP  'r^  ^^«"'^"  ^"-"^-^  ^^^  '"e 
auxiliaries  led  by  Brant   wShdSei'  T"  '  '"^'^  ^^^^  "^  ^"^ian 

-  cedars,  fo^.three  miles  1^:^.:^Z^Z  Sot ~ 


1l 


1768-1783]     y.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels 


SS 


On  this  occasion  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  observe,  that  the 
custom  adopted  by  the  Americans,  and  with  so  much 
success,  of  levelling  their  pieces  at  the  officers,  originated 
with  the  Indians,  who  are  possessed  with  an  idea  that  the 
men  will  naturally  be  thrown  into  confusion  when  their 
leaders  are  dead.    This  however  is  not  without  excep- 
tions: the  Mattaugwessawacks,  whose  country  lies  west- 
ward of  Lake  Superior,   hold  the  persons  of  officers 
sacred;  and  Josepsis,  one  of  their  tribe,  who  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  sold  to  the  Penobscot  Indians,  says  that  the 
Savages  they  were  at  war  with  have  adopted  the  same 
method. 

[20]  I  was  immediately  ordered  on  a  scout,  at  the  head 
of  ten  Connecedaga  or  Rondaxe  Indians,  with  captain  La 
Motte.  a  Canadian  gentleman,"  in  search  of  the  person 
who  had  killed  major  Gordon,  and  to  reconnoitre  the 
woods,  m  hopes  of  gaining  information  of  the  real  force 
of  the  Americans  at  Isle  au  Noix.  To  avoid  suspicion, 
we  were  all  dressed  like  Savages;  and  as  captain  La 
Motte  and  myself  were  well  acquainted  with  the  Iroquois 
language,  it  was  impossible  to  distinguish  us  from  the 
natives.    We  were  out  six  days  and  nights,  with  very 

W  '  r'  "T^-   /°"- f""''"  d^'''"^  °f  'Ws,  and  the  folIo,.-ing  movements  see 
Jones,  Can,pa,gn  for  the  Conquest  of  Canada  (Philadelphia,  .88.),  pp   c!!' 
Major  Gordon,  who  had  recently  been  made  brigadi^r-generar  waT  shot 

^  ;^^:"s-)t- 1^;:^  ^  ^---  ^^--  --- s^- 

"This  was  probably  Captain  Guillaume  Lamothe,  who  during  this  period 

i  thatXV" LrmTh''"'  "^"^^  ^r  ^^'"^'  ^•'"^  Hamilton'^mand  a 
Vinrenn         ^^  accompamed  Hamilton  on  the  Otter's  expedition  to 

Wennes,  and  was  captured  there  by  George  Rogers  Clark  (Februfry     1) 

r  ;Lzrt.^  '":;r.XTei:;e:ter '°  ?^"^;  ^^ 

Canada.- Ed.  accepted  a  parole,  and  returned  to 


I 

A    m 

A 


^' 


N'' 


i 


J 


'!"; 


Mi 


I 


56 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  a 


Dark  of  trees  and  wild  roots,  particularly  onions   which 
palate.    Hunger  reconciles  us  to  every  thing  that  will 

cTtirTror" """"  r  "--^ -<"■»-:' c 

Th.^    r.    .  "■>'  °™  "'•''''  rapTionce  I  can  assert 

that  what  at  any  other  tirae  would  have  been  unpS 
and  e,en  nauseous,  under  the  pressure  of  hunger  H" 
only  greed,ly  eaten,  but  relished  as  a  luxury.    ThosI  Z 

ttoe^m  "'"■  T  "'""^  °'  "™«  '"  '- "^"  n 
lime  of  war,  know  the  necessity  of  travelling  i;„Kf       a 

particularly  on  an  Indian  scout!  a   .rs^fs^^^jl' 

U^ke  any  thing  but  a  small  quantity  of  Indian  com  tid 

stones,  they  mix  with  water,  and  on  this  Ihev  subsist 
Durmg  this  expedition,  as  the  business  was  u^m  a^d 
.^enemy  near  at  hand,  we  depended  on  adSntiti^^s 

,.11"^  '""  "^''^  ""'"'''•  """™'"8  "ithout  bein-  able 
to  obtain  any  intelligence,  one  of  the  Indians  heart  a 
noise  resemblmg  the  breaking  of  a  stick;  the  chiefs  the 
^„d  sent  out  a  scout,  who  soon  returned  with  a  p  iler 
.^  the  handsT^  '""''  'f'''^"^'  i-gining^rs^  , 

-igb-L^Kirtofr^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
..atio-:-trrhe^T-r'^-^;.j 

,  onversation.    When  he  heard  me'talk  his  owT  antat 
h.  was  agreeably  su^irised,  and  his  fears  in  some  d^^S 

fTrv"'ofT  1  i""''  "-^  '"«««'  »  '<>  -ve "rf  olThe 
fiUrf  his  mi.H  T'.:""^  «™™'  ^o-l'-ct  in  war  Z 

™ur^  hr  r.    ,"L'  '"°''  ''"^^'^  apprehensions.    I 
assured  hun,  that  if  he  would  faithfuUy  satisfy  .-!1  my 


s 

i 


I 

i 


1768.178a]     J.  Long's  yoyages  and  Travels 


'i 


$2 

inquiries  his  life  should  be  spared.  Me  cheerfully  com- 
plied with  the  requisition,  and  directed  me  to  a  place 
from  whence  we  might  have  a  cleai  view  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, who  were  encamped  on  the  opposite  shore 

Having  left  him  bound,  wc  proceeded  about  two  miles 
through  swamps,  till  we  came  in  sight  of  the  enemy. 
The  Indians  immediately  panted  for  action,  but  captain 
La  Motte  thought  it  prudent  to  restrain  their  ardour, 
and  ordered  them  to  retreat  into  the  woods,  still  keeping 
our  object  in  view.    Soon  after,  a  boat  full  of  men  crossed 
the    river,    and    landed    without    perceiving    us     The 
Indians  instantly  kindled  a  fire,  and  each  man  filled  his 
blanket  with  rotten  wood  and  leaves,  till  it  was  extended 
to  the  size  of  a  man;  then  placing  them  near  the  fire,  to 
appear  like  Indians  asleep,  they  retired  to  a  small  distance 
to  give  the  Americans  an  opportunity  of  coming  up  un- 
molested   not   doubting   but   they   would   immediately 
fire  at  the  bhnkets.    The  manoeuvre  succeeded  to  our 
expectation;  for  the  Americans  discovering  th.    smoke 
advanced  towards  the  fire,  and  perceiving  the  blankets,  dis- 
charged their  muskets.    The  Savages  immediately  rushed 
from  their  ambush,  and  setting  up  the  war-hoop,  fell  upon 
the  enemy,  scalped  seven  of  them,  and  took  five  prisoners 
whom  we  painted  like  ourselves.    We  then  returned' 
released  the  prisoner  from  the  tree,  and  conducted  them 
all  to  St  John  s,  [22]  where  they  were  examined  by  colonel 
ii-ngland,  who  ordered  me  to  take  them  to  Sir  Guy  Carle- 
ton  without  delay.  ^ 

Having  executed  this  commission  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  commander  in  chief,  I  remained  some  time  with  my 
old  friends,  till  I  received  a  message  from  Sir  Guy  Carle- 
ton  to  attend  him;  when  he  ordered  me  to  join  brigadier 
general  Nesbit,  with  the  twenty-ninth  and  forty-seventh 


)!  J. 


* 


!«,;, 


V 


f 

h 


v 


S8 


^''"-b  l^fstem  Travels  fVol.  , 

rcRfments;  in  the  latter  of  which  I  senx-d  as  a  volunteer  a 
cons^derable  t.me;  but  findinR  no  vacancy,  and  having 
no  allowance  for  my  services,  to  enable  me  to  live  and 
appear  as  I  wished.  I  quitted  the  regiment  to  enjoy  my 
avounte  nd>an  life;  and  as  I  knew  their  manner  of 
hymg  and  could  accommodate  myself  to  their  diet,  I 
thought  I   might  probably  continue  serviceable  to  mv 

T^Z  of  T""'"^  P'^'^  '"^  ^^^""''"«'y  accompaniJ 
a  party  of  Savages  to  the  Lake  of  the  two  Mountains 
fifteen  leagues  above  Montreal,  a  village  belonging  to  the 
Connecedagas,  carrying  a  scalp  as  a  trophy  of  my  ser- 

Scalping  is  a  mode  of  torture  peculiar  to  the  Indians. 
If  a  blow  is  given  with  the  tomahawk  previous  to  the 
^a^  bemg  taken  off.  it  is  followed  by  instant  death;  but 
where  scalpmg  only  is  inflicted,  it  puts  the  person  to 
excrucmtmg  pam.  though  death  does  not  always  ensue. 
There  are  mstances  of  persons  of  both  sexes,  now  living 
in  America,  and  no  doubt  in  other  countries,  who,  after 
havmg  been  scalped,  by  wearing  a  plate  of  silver  or  tin 

"  The  Lake  of  Two  Mountains  is  an  enlarecmenlnf.h^n., 
«s  mouth,  above  Montreal.     On  ,hi.  lake  rSted  th.   S,  "' "!^" 

town  of  Oka.     This  is  a  uni.m  „f  .  ■      "  '"*'^'^  ""   Sulp.uan  mission 

.677  on  Montreal      land  for  Tr  "         '  -"'-'»"«- one.  founded  about 

the  Lake  of  Two  Mountlin's  au'u  7.  he  tt  ''or  ZnkT"'  '"'''"'  "" 
first  railed  La  Pr&entation  an.]  situated  on  Mnn.r.V^f!"  """"""■  '"^ 
the  site  was  abandoned  in  .68c  nml T  -^^"n'/^al  Island  near  Lachine; 

CanS  :t'  '7  """r  '"'''""^  '"'  "'"  -  '"•^  -rv  at  t  lake  'C 
Canadian  Department  of  Indian  Affairs  Reporl,  190.    n    .0      Thl  . 

Tz  tiz::"!  :str "«'  •  °'  '^  ^-^^^^^^-^^^^  ^z 

villages  a  Caughnawat  andTT"''  ,T"  ''^  """^"^  °'  "«=  °"^"  --'- 
semi  civilised  hSUr  Eo  '"'  ""'  ^"'^'""'■°"  "'  '»'''  -"'  -'"^  ^^"r 


1768-1782)     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


59 


rn  the  crown  of  the  head,  to  keep  it  from  cold,  enjoy 
a  good  state  of  health,  and  are  seldom  afllicted  with  pains. 
When  an  Indian  strikes  a  ,')erson  on  the  temple  with  a 
tomahawk,  the  victim  instantly  drops;  he  then  seizes  his 
hair  with  one  hand,  [23]  twisting  it  very  tight  together,  to 
separate  the  skin  from  the  head,  and  {)lacing  his  knee  on 
the  breast,  with  the  other  he  draws  the  scalping  knife 
from  the  sheath,  and  cuts  the  skin  round  the  forehead, 
pulling  it  off  with  his  teeth.  As  he  is  very  dexterous,  the 
operation  is  generally  performed  in  two  minutes.  The 
scalp  is  then  extended  on  three  hoops,  dried  in  the  sun, 
and  rubbed  over  with  vermilion.  Some  of  the  Indians 
in  time  of  war,  when  scalps  are  well  paid  for,  divide  one 
into  five  or  six  parts,  and  carry  them  to  the  nearest  post, 
in  hopes  of  receiving  a  reward  proportionate  to  the  num- 
ber. 

When  the  scalp  is  taken  from  the  head  of  one  of  their 
own  people,  they  frequently  make  the  dead  body  of  ad- 
vantage to  them,  by  dressing  it  up  and  painting  it  with 
vermilion;  they  then  place  it  against  a  tree,  with  weapons 
in  its  hand,  to  induce  the  Indians  to  suppose  it  an  enemy 
on  the  watch;  and  round  the  body  they  set  spears  in  the 
ground,  so  as  scarcely  to  be  discernible.  The  Indians, 
on  seeing  the  person  against  the  tree,  and  anxious  to 
make  him  a  prisoner,  in  the  eagerness  of  running  fall 
on  the  points  of  the  spears,  and  being  disabled  from  pro- 
ceeding, are  easily  made  prisoners. 

Before  I  close  this  subject  I  .shall  relate  an  anecdote  of 
two  Savages  of  different  nations,  in  the  time  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Johnson. 

A  Mohawk,  of  the  name  of  Scunnionsa,  or  The  Elk,  and 
a  Chippeway  Indian  of  the  name  of  Cark  Cark,  or  the 
crow,  having  met  at  a  council  of  war  near  Crown  Point, 


;r 


1 


u' 


Jl 


It 


6o 


Early  H^stim  TraveU 


jn  the  yrar  ,757,  wore  cxfollinK  their  own  m.rW  ^ 
boa.t.n«  of  their  su,>eriority  in  takinJ  scZ  Th"'  vT^ 
hawk  contendefl  that  he  rn.,U  7l  T  '  ^^"^  ^^"^ 
theChipnewaywar  ior  r,.      t  '  '  "'^''  ^''^^^  "'^" 

parted,  each  pursuing  a  different  rX  afte^h    '•      /''^ 
agreed  to  meet  at  a  certain  nh  •  ^'''"«  ^""'^ 

when  a  coun<  il  was  to  ll    .f";,''"  "  T"^^  '^>'- 
they  returned,  and  appear,   at  ti!  T'  "Z^!"  "^'^ 

hawk  laid  doun  his  scarwhi.hr".'.''-     ^^^'  ^^" 
and  neck  of  a  man  sTuff!:i       k  7"'  '^'  "'''"  ^^  '^'  ^^ 

wahdeers.s-:::::^:;t:;:::^rir'Vr^;;T 

expressed  their  annr„l™„„„      ' '""'"ea  in.     I  he  chiefs 
a  Krea.  and  brave'^^aSj'  Th   "JT""""^  ''  "  '"  •» 
-■;  i..kln„  earnes.,Tarhe  M    at  'T:;^',^'^   • 
prcter  to  tell  him  that  it  wis  .n  «i .  '^^  '"*'''' 

«  con^Wer^  as  a  t:.  r^ca  relrh  T'^^."''' 
one  of  his  sons  to  hrin»  f„~..  j  u-  "^  '  '  '  '^''"'■<'  'o 
he  exhibited  to  "he  ^Ji  °™  '  ""  ?'P'  "'  ''  instantly 
«ufr«l  with  down  oathTrs  anr"?  ''""  "'  ^  ■"""■ 
deers'  sinews.    The  chiefs  l™Hi,  J""  "^"^  '^  "'"> 

-a„i„o„.s,v  ac^nttl  tit  l:™ior  ^^JT'  ^ 
hawk  warrior   fired  uMffT,       .      "t^^^nontj       j  he   Mo- 

council  mcdit;tt^.:;trarS''s:''''''":  '™™  '"' 
Chip|,cway  come  forth T'f  n       ,  f "  "'  '"=  '^«'  ""= 

tomahawk,  rejokr  ha  t  ^^  '"''"    "■'■"•    •"' 

-.ner.g^rirra-vL'toL  rival'""  "  ""'^  "'^'"''"^ 


'f 


♦  .^' 


[35J  Same  Account  oj  the  Character  i  ml  Pisposilio,,  of  the 
CoNNECEDAaA,  or  RoNDAM:  Indfans;  with  Kinutrks 
on  the  iKfMjuois  and  Chkrokee  \  Uions 

The  Savages  of  this  nation  are  of  the  Chipiitway 
tribe,  and  speak  a  mixture  of  the  IrrKjuois  and  rhi{)pe- 
way  tongues:  the  v  were  dr  vcn  fn.m  the  upfx-r  muntry  at 
the  time  of  the  great  Indian  war.  aJK>ut  the  year  1720, 
and  settled  on  the  Lake  of  the  two  Mountains.  There 
are  al)out  tw..  nundrttl  inhabitants,  who  arc  very  indus- 
trious, and  cuhivate  the  la  id  in  the  manner  of  1  le  C  dmu- 
»J?as;  ihey  ilso  breed  cattle,  ami  li  c  in  a  decrir  of  rivili- 
zation  unknown  to  most  of  the  Chi;  >ewa\  triU's.  There 
is  Jso  a  town  near  Lake  Erie,  in  tli  limits  of  the  Unit«J 
States,  which  i  innabited  by  alxmt  T  teen  hu.  ,lred  of  th^ 
nation,  of  whom  the  Reverend  Mr.  Chades  tattie  gives 
a  very  f;    ourable  accout.t. 

Since  the  settlement  of  the  Conrecedaga.s  they  have 
intermarr  -d  with  the  Cahnuaga,  Si  Regi.s.  and  Mohawk 
Indians,  which  is  the  reasor  why  their  language  is  less 
pure,  though  some  of  them  peak  the  original  tongue, 
which  in  my  frequent  communications  with  the  Chip- 
peways  U-yond  Michillimakinac,  I  found  in  every  respect 
perfectly  understood.  It  was  among  the.se  Indians  that 
I  first  acqu.ied  the  rudiments  of  a  language  which,  from 
long  habit,  is  become  more  familiar  to  me  than  my 
own;  and  I  hope  I  shall  not  be  accused  of  vanity,  in 
assert  ng  that  the  vocabulary  and  familiar  phrases,  sub- 
joineu  to  this  [26]  work,  arc  more  copious  than  will  be 
found  in  any  former  publication.  In  spelling  the;n  I 
have  been  particularly  careful  in  using  such  lette;.,  ;.rd 
accents  as  be«t  express  the  Indian  words,  according'  to  our 
pronunciation.     To  lay  down  general  rules  for  !  'le  oriiiog- 


I 


4  < 


IT 

M 


1 IVOI.  2 

.ssis.  .hose  who  arta.t  1™^^  ""'^  ""'^P^ 
universal  grammar.  ™^  '"  ""  P™"Pl«  of 

-d  braver;,  coinc.l't/S'^Sr  tu  r^' 
repor,  only,  entertain  of  them.  No  naUof  of  S  '  " 
were  ever  more  true  to  the  Rri.l.k  °  .  ^"""^'^ 

the  Mohawks  whose  (irfl-,-  u.  '"""■'^''  "<"  "™ 
During  the  ^ntuanee'VtSrT:^"'"'  •'"""•"^■ 
ncgleeted  their  families  and  d^^et'""  """■  '*^ 
for  the  English  whfch  the  f-t  """"=  '°  %>« 

ants  Of  tht   Mot:L'and^"::rstta"'r''- 

to  the  Delawares  tef^IT  'j"/"'.""""'*'?  of  the  latter 
by  way  of  dISn  ufjtfcall tr"'  ^"""^  "■'  '""'-^ 

the  fear  of  ourTovlrmenTJtr  '"*  -™-  '» 
Savages  in  our  interest  oT^hl        ."'<'/=«^"tment  of  .he 
considerable  rewarfTon  2  Ih      k""*  "''  ""^  '"'P«  »' 
.-■ay  be  far  from  the  i™,!,,'    "'  ^  ""^  ""'«"0"= 
•o  comment  sev^rl  0^,^    '^T  T"^  "">■  PU^Pose 
to  know  they  were  ou"uL  ""h""^  f"  "  ''  ""S*" 
continue  friendly   o, he  sSh "a/"  ""  T^"""'^  '"'" 
dueonthisaecoLttomaTo rctr        K  °"'"'  P™=^  '^ 
e-o«eer,whom.he"red^:;r;Kr:SlS;': 


J    ^ 


i 


1 768-1 782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


63 


they  flew  to  his  standard  with  alacrity,  obeyed  him  with 
cheerfulness,  and  never  deserted  him:  no  instance  of 
friendship  or  attachment,  either  ancient  or  modern,  could 
surpass  it. 

It  requires  good  natural  sense,  and  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  dispositions  of  the  Indians,  to  persuade  them 
to   place   unlimited   confidence   in   their   European   or 
American  leaders;  to  which  must  always  be  added,  a 
seeming  approbation  of  their  advice,  and  an  endeavour 
to  conform  to  their  wishes,  never  obstinately  pursuing  a 
design  either  offensive  or  defensive,  contrary  to  their 
opinion.    How  fatal  a  different  line  of  conduct  may 
prove,  the  destruction  of  general  Braddock  is  a  melancholy 
mstance:  by  his  haughty  demeanour,  and  strict  adherence 
to  his  own  plan,  in  direct  opposition  to  the  counsel  of  ex- 
perienced chiefs,  he  lost  their  friendship,  and  died  unla- 
mented,  confirming  them  in  an  opinion  they  had  before 
often  hinted,  "that  he  wanted  both  skill  and  prudence  in 
war."    Even  the  great  Washington  incurred  their  cen- 
sure by  his  conduct,  and  gave  occasion  to  an  Indian  chief, 
the  name  of  Thanachrishon,  of  the  Seneka  tribes^ 
judging  him  by  their  own  rules,  to  say,  "that  he  was  a 
good  natured  man,  but  had  no  experience." 

An  impartial  mind  will  require  but  little  to  be  persuaded 
that  the  Indiana  are  superior  to  us  in  the  woods:  it  is 
their  natural  element  (if  I  may  be  allowed  the  expression), 
and  a  tree  or  river,  of  which  their  [28]  recollection  never 
fails,  guide  them  to  the  secret  recesses  of  a  deep  wood, 
either  for  safety,  or  the  purpose  of  ambush.  As  they 
pay  little  attention  to  the  rising  or  setting  sun,  it  at  first  sur- 
prised me,  by  what  method  they  traveled  from  place  to 
place,  without  any  material  aberration;  but  this  they  soon 
explained,  by  assuring  me,  that  they  had  not  the  least 


lO 


,t" 


I 


I 


fj' 


pi: 

■1' 


i.y 


64 


the  north  side  but  nn  tZ      1'  ^^"^^^^  '"^'"^'"s  on 

nor  ™o.  a«e„.,Ve  ,„  Z  Zas  S  XT'^'  "'  '""""'■ 
capable  of  receivincr  irv,/  abi],t,es,  and  are  even 

which  .he  old  mai  ^Z^  1^"^  *  ''"''"■°"'  'o 
was  .he  firs.  drcumcS  ?  ,1^,  J^  ™'  """  ''*^'  "'«• 
fa.her  Abraham:- ^  dtc,t  "t TS"'''^  "P"^' 
"howasthefirstquaker?Hf.  -/-f  ""  8™"™"". 
Ihat  people  differed^,,,.-        '^"'  "  ™'  ""y  ""«"»!", 

Indian  p  rcAfaf  .^e  tTr"'™™'"'''^''^''''"?'^-    The 
question   rhTsfi„t^°'T  """"^  '"  "^»'ve  the 

surprUe;  L"d  t'^WaT'^rd  7"^"'^ 
Mordecai  was  thp  fire*        f   ^  ,  ^^^"y'   told   him,   that 

his  hat  to  Hamll;  .'"*  '"''"'  '"  '^  ^^^^  -^  P""  off 
_Mr  Adair^.  says,  the  Cherokees  are  ve^^  apt  at  giving 

wWch  attempts  .„  prove  .hSt^ult  foXT    '^1"^  ^'""'^°"'  '^")' 
standing,  much  valuable  information    n/,t  ,  ^     '^    ^'  '°'"^"^'  "°''^'h- 

tribes.-  Ed.  '"tormauon,  particularly  in  regard  to  the  Southern 


?   \ 


»  ' 


1768-1782]      y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  65 

people  nicknames.  A  dull  stalking  fellow,  they  call  a 
turkey  buzzard-  a.  ^11  tempered  man,  a  wasp;  a  talkative 
person,  a  grass  .„Dcr-  a  hoarse  v.ico,  they  say  resembles 
a  bull;  and  an  ..  .orpreter  whosf  -r^anncrs  and  conversa- 
tion are  obscene,  iJiey  call  a  smo  •.    ucrpreter. 

The  disposition  of  the  Indir  i:  is  naturally  proud  and 
self-suiBcient:  they  think  themsd  .er,  tne  wisest  of  the  sons 
of  men,  and  arc  extremely  otfendcrl  when  their  advice  is 
rejected.    The  feats  of  valo-ir  a  Aeir  ancestors,  con- 
tinually repeated  and  impres  ed  r.pon  their  minds,  inspire 
them  with  the  most  exalted  nu.ionsof  their  own  prowess 
and  bravery;  hence  arises  the  firmest  reliance  on  their  own 
courage  and  power;  and  though  but  a  handful  of  men 
comparatively  speaking,  they  are  vain  enough  to  think 
they  can  overthrow  both  French  and  English  whenever 
th, .  please.    They  say,  the  latter  are  fools,  for  they  hold 
their  guns  half  man  high,  and  let  them  snap;  but  that  they 
themselves  take  sight,  and  seldom  faU  of  doing  execution 
which,  they  add,  is  the  true  intention  of  going  to  war 

These  exalted  notions  of  self-consequence  are  more 
peculiar  to  the  Five  Nations,  and  for  which  they  are  more 
eminently  distinguished  than  other  tribes  of  Savages 
although  none  of  them  are  deficient  in  this  respect.    Such 
sentiments  as  these  have  made  the  Iroquois  dreaded  and 
revered  by  others,  for  their  superior  understanding  and 
valour,  and  likewise  has  a  tendency  to  increase  their 
fame.    Although  they  [30]  decrease  in  numbers  daily,  the 
thirst  of  glory  will  never  be  extinguished  among  them 
Wi:,i3t  mere  is  a  breast  to  n-.urish  it:  they  wiU  never  shrink 
from  danger  when  honour  is  at  stake. 

The  Iroquois  laugh  when  you  talk  to  them  of  obedience 
to  kings;  for  they  cannot  reconcile  the  idea  of  submission 
With  the  dignity  of  man.    Each  individual  is  a  sovereign 


*l 


1' 


i,' 


I-' 


w 


i 


\  *  ^-^MMl  .i4:a4. 


66 


Early  Western  Travels  [Vol.  , 


in  his  own  mind;  and  as  he  conceives  he  derives  his  free- 
dom from  the  great  Spirit  alone,  he  cannot  be  induced  to 
acknowledge  any  other  power. 

They  are  extremely  jealous,  and  easily  ofifended,  and 
when  hey  have  been  once  induced  to  suspect,  it  is  very 
difficult  to  remove  the  impression.  They  carry  their 
resentments  with  them  to  the  grave,  and  bequeath  them 
to  the  rismg  generation. 

Those  who  have  associated  with  them,  though  they 
may  admire  their  heroism  in  war,  their  resolution  in  sup- 
portmg  the  most  excruciating  tortures,  and  the  stabDity  of 
their  friendships,  cannot  but  lament  the  dreadful  effects 
of  their  displeasure,  which  has  no  bounds.  It  is  this 
violence  of  temper,  which  is  generally  in  the  extreme, 
hat  makes  them  so  difficult  to  subdue,  and  so  dangerous 
to  encourage;  too  much  indulgence  they  attribute  to  fear 
and  too  much  severity  brings  on  resentment. 

To  remove  these  strong  prejudices  (which,  however 
prone  human  nature  may  be  to  encourage  them,  would 
never  prove  so  prejudicial  to  society,  unless  continually 
promoted  by  the  advice  and  example  of  the  aged),  has 
been  the  constant  endeavour  of  those  nations  who  have 
been  [31]  m  alliance  with  them,  and  some  attempts  have 
been  made  to  soften  their  manners  by  the  introduction 
of  the  Christian  religion,  whose  precepts  are  so  wonder- 
fully calculated  to  destroy  .-very  blood-thirsty  sentiment, 
and  make  mankind  hap.     r  in  themselves,  and  better 
members  of  the  community.     In  this  laudable  pursuit  our 
neighbours  the  French  have  been  most  successful,  at 
least  so  far  as  an  alteration  in  external  behaviour  may 
be  considered  as  an  indication  of  the  amendment  of  the 
heart.    The  good  conduct  of  the  inhabitants  of  several 
Indian  viUages  in  Canada  bears  testimony  to  this  obser- 


■  i 


1768^82]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


67 


vation.  Nevertheless,  in  contradiction  to  this  remark, 
Mr.  James  Adair  observes,  that  the  French  Canadians 
are  highly  censurable  for  debauching  our  peaceable 
Northern  Indians  with  their  "infernal  catechism." 

Though  I  am  not  an  advocate  for  creeds  inimical  to  the 
peace  of  society,  I  believe  the  censure  is  too  severe,  for 
however  formerly  they  might  have  been  influenced  by 
bigotted  priests  instilling  into  their  minds  sentiments 
unfavourable  to  the  subjects  of  Great  Britain,  I  am 
clearly  of  opinion,  that  they  have  for  many  years  used 
their  best  endeavours  to  inculcate  the  principles  of  the 
Gospel:  indeed,  it  is  always  to  be  lamented  when  either 
politics  or  religion  are  made  subservient  to  each  other: 
this  being  properly  considered,  perhaps  the  French  are 
not  more  blameable  than  other  nations.  We  are  too 
apt  to  involve  others  in  our  disputes,  and  religion  is 
too  frequently  introduced  by  bigots  to  assist  the  cause 
they  wish  to  support. 

With  regard  to  those  Indians  who  have  been  accus- 
tomed to  the  society  of  English  traders,  and  even  preach- 
ers (sorry  am  I  to  observe  it),  their  sentiments,  manners, 
and  practices  are  very  different.  The  [32]  alteration  is 
manifestly  for  the  worse;  they  have  become  more  degene- 
rate, and  added  to  the  turbulence  of  passions  unsubdued 
by  reason  the  vices  of  lying  and  swearing,  which  unfor- 
tunately they  have  learned  from  us. 

The  testimony  of  Mr.  Sargeant,  a  gentleman  of  New 
England,  supports  this  assertion;  who  relates,  that  in  a 
journey  to  the  Shawanese  Indians  (the  allies  and  depend- 
ants of  the  Six  Nations),"  and  some  other  tribes,  when  he 
offered  to  instruct  them  in  the  Christian  religion,  they 

"  This  was  Rev.  John  Sargent,  missionary  to  the  Stockbridge  Indians,  in 
Western  Massachusetts. —  Ed. 


'I: 


I  I 


68 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vo!.  J 

rejected  it  with  disdain;  they  even  reDroachoH  r7~ 
taanity,  told  hi.  the  traders  wo'uld  lie  ZrandleLuTh 
^eir  young  women  and  even  their  wives,  when  the  hus 
bands  were  from  home.  They  further  added  that  the 
Senekas  had  given  them  their  country,  but  chared  h' 
never  to  receive  Christianity  from  the^EnglLh  ' 
1  shall  subjom  one  more  proof  to  thi<     r« 

«""'"•  \  "'O-  »f  Queen  A„L     rj^.^.  .nf  S" 
-v.lh  cloalhs,  and  other  things  of  which  they  were  S 

str:^;r.:»r.hrri^ 

r.' i  '  ?"'  "  ■^"'  '»  ">e  ministers,  thev  had 
already  some  of  them,  who,  instead  of  preacS  .h. 
Gospel  ,0  them,  taught  them  ,o  drinlc  to  ex'^  ,„  i^! 

n"  rl^r  r,"«  "''"'"'™='  ^"X  entreat:^"i,fg:t 
tfj^T'l  H  °  '""'  ""°"«  «'™'  ""  Wore  Their 

p^;  bS:  nrmostT.  rrx:"tC7r 

To  extenuate  as  much  as  possible  this  charge  against  th 

comn.  '  S  ^'^  °'""'^^'  ^^^^  ^'^^  --  and  iC  ; 
complained  of  is  to  be  attributed  in  a  great  mersure  tl 
the  traders,  who  used  to  purchase  convicl,  anrhi^e  men 
of  .famous  character  to  carry  up  their  go;ds  amo'g'h 


1768-1783]     J  Ling's  Voyages  and  Travels  69 

Indians,  many  cf  whom  ran  away  from  their  masters  to 
jom  the  Savages:  the  iniquitous  conduct  of  those  people 
essentially  injured  the  English  in  the  opinion  of  the 
Indians  and  fixed  an  odium  which  will  not  be  soon  or 
easily  removed. 


•f 


.|i 


f  ! 

'■  Jf'l 

M 

iii  ? 

vis 

If 


'.1) 


'111 


I 


s 


[34]  Descnption  of  the  Indian  Dances,  b'c. 

Having  finished   this  long  digression,   I  shall  con- 

muc  n,y  hjstory  from  the  time  of  going  lo  the  v^ge  "f 

the  Connecedagas,  where  I  stayed  some  months,  makinJ 

several  excursions  in  scouting  parties,  and  f  equeml? 

brmgmg  .n  prisoners,  which  did  not  escape  the  Se  o^ 

Sir  Guy  Carieton,  who  at  the  next  intemew  approv^    °^ 

onduet,  and  wished  me  to  serve  again  in  hfs'rSem 

Leful  ^o"  J"'  ''^'""'^'^  ''PP^'  '  '^^^  rendered'my"  f 
useful  to   my  country,   and  considered   myself  hiehlv 

honoured  by  so  flattering  a  mark  of  his  approbaL  \ul 

that  the  life  of  a  volunteer,  though  ver^  honour;ble 

would  not  entitle  me  to  pay,  and  there  was^^ot  a  vacan  y 

m  any  of  the  British  regiments:  he  then  appointrme  a 

mdshapman  on  teard  the  ship  Fell,  commanded  byTap 

am  Bamsfer  lymg  in  the  river  St.  Laurence,  in  wS 

semce  I  continued  till  she  was  ordered  for  Engla.^^ 

th.  t'^'I.''  ^  "^"'"'^  '^'  ""^y- 1  ^^t"™<^d  to  the  Lake  of 
the  Two  Mountains,  and  continued  doing  my  utmost  ^ 
^he  Ime  of  an  interpreter,  and  at  intervals  perfect  ng^ 
in  the  Indian  languages,  particularly  in  the  ChippewTv 
ongue  as  I  purposed  engaging  in  the  service  ofTm" 

tunUv  T^  ^"r'  ""*  *'^  ^'''  ^°---nt  oppor- 
T^\  I  also  applied  myself  sedulously  to  obtain  a  com- 
ple^  knowledge  of  their  manners  and  customs,  and  wSi 
that  view  partook  of  their  amu-ements,  and  was  C 

addS  tre'/e:r'.'"^"-    7°  '""''^'^  qualificatln  iX 
added  the  perfect  notes  of  the  different  war  hoops   as 
naturally  as  a  Savage;  and  by  conforming  to  thdr  wlvs 
and  takmg  pleasure  in  their  diversions,  !  was  s^^en 
deared  to  them,  and  left  them  with  regre 


\^\ 


I 

-3 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


7» 


The  dances  among  the  Indians  are  many  and  various 
and  to  each  of  them  there  is  a  particular  hoop." 


I.  The  calumet  dance, 
a.  The  war  dance. 
3.  The  chief's  dance. 
4-  The  set  out  dance. 

5.  The  scalp  dance. 

6.  The  dead  dance. 


7.  The  prisoner's  dance. 

8.  The  return  dance. 

9.  The  spear  dance. 
10.  The  marriage  dance. 
1 1  ■  The  sacrifice  dance. 


All  these  1  was  perfect  master  of,  frequently  leading  the 
sett^  If  accidentally  a  stranger  came  among  us,  (unless 
I  chose  to  be  noticed)  no  one  could  distinguish  me  from 
the  Indians. 

Presuming  on  my  appearing  exactly  like  a  Savage   I 
occasionally  went  down  in  a  canoe  to  Montreal,  and  fre- 
quently passed  the  posts  as  an  Indian.    Sometimes  I  would 
distmguish  myself  at  a  charivari,  which  is  a  custom  that 
prevails  in  different  parts  of  Canada,  of  assembling  with 
old  pots,  kettles,  &c.  and  beating  them  at  the  doors  of 
new  married  people;  but  generaUy,  either  when  the  man 
IS  older  than  the  woman,  or  the  parties  have  been  twice 
married:  m  those  cases  they  beat  a  charivari,  hallooing 
out  very  vociferously,  until  the  man  is  obliged  to  obtain 
their  silence  by  pecuniary  contribution,  or  submit  to  be 
[36]  abused   with   the   vUest   language.    Charivari,    in 
French,  means  a  paltry  kind  of  music,  which  I  suppose  is 
the  origm  of  the  custom. 

Not  content  with  being  a  proficient  in  their  sports,  I 
leamt  to  make  a  canoe,  bark  a  tree  for  the  purpose,  and 
perform  the  whole  business  as  regular  as  the  natives     I 
also  made  makissins,  or  Indian  shoes,  of  deer  skins 
drest  and  smoked  to  make  the  leather  soft  and  pliable,' 

»  On  the  subject  of  Indian  dances  see  JeiuU  Relations,  index     AL«  r  «n» 
■n  Masson.  Bourgeois  <fe  la  Con,pa,nu  4u  ^<.<i-0«,„.Xpp  333-337^  Ed     ' 


li^ 


1 1- 


1 1 


I 


,  fi 


* 


I) 


72 


Ear/y  tVestem  Travels 


".ol. 


and  worked  with  porcupine  quills  and  small  beadi*   »o 
which  are  sometimes  suspended  hawk  Wk     Th  . 

by  the  Mohawks,  at  the'orand  R^er^J    ,  ^^1^,:^ 
preferred  for  their  superior  workmanship  and   aste  and 

n.    ^^.'"'^  ^  P"^^^^^^'  ^'^hout  ornaments   for 
shoes,  m  summer  they  are  cooler  to  the  feet,  and  in  win  er 
from  bemg  made  roomy,  they  will  admit  a  th.ck  s^k  to 
prevent  the  excessive  cold  from  penetrating.    The  I^ia'ns 
m  then-  war  dances,  sew  hawk  bells  and  small  piecsoi 
m  on  them  to  make  a  jingling  noise,  and  at  a  dancrwhere 
I  was  present,  these,  with  the  addition  of  a  large  lorse 
bell,  which  I  gave  the  chief  who  led  the  dance   IT 
noise  not  much  unlike  a  Dutch  concert  '     '^'  ' 

The  Savages  are  esteemed  very  active  anrl  n,-,«Ki 

:Htot  tf  ^ ''''  ^--^'  ^-  ^^^ 

in  their  bein.  .K.  T  '  '  ^"^  °'  °P'"'0"'  ^""sists 

Dace  whi^h       ^      u  '°"''""'  "  ^°"«  ^™^  '"  °ne  steady 

the  wc^     an?  "k ''^'"  ""^"'  '"  ^^"^  ^^--  through 
the  woods,  and  as  they  require  little  sleep,  and  can  subsist 

on  root.s  and  water,  which  they  take  .«../«„?  hey  do 

not  uaste  much  time  in  refreshment.    [37]  They  are  als^ 

verv  utfulT  .  )"""  qualifications  they  are  certainly  a 
very  useful  race  of  men;  and  as  long  as  the  English  retain 
any  possessions  in  Canada,  should  be  considered  as  the 

rrnTem^ouri^Terer^ ^-^  ^'°"''  ^  ^^^^  ^' 

manv 'inTr'    •    ^"?^  ^^'■'"^'''  ^^^^  ^'^  -<^elled  by 
many,  and  even  m  hunting,  the  \'irginians  equal  them  in 


W 


1768-17SJ]     J.  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels 


73 


every  part  of  the  chace,  thouRh  all  the  world  allow  them 
the  merit  of  beinj?  kckkJ  marksmen.     I  rememl)er  seeing 
some  Americans  shooting  at  a  loon,  a  bird  nearly  the 
size  of  an  Knglish  goose.    This  bird  is  remarkable  for 
diving,  and  generally  rises  .some  yards  from  the  i)lacc 
where  it  dips.     They  fired  at  the  distance  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty  yards  with  a  rifle,  several  times  without  suc- 
cess: an  Indian  standing  by,  laughed  at  them,  and  told 
them  they  were  old  women:  they  desired  him  to  try  his 
.skill,  which  he  instantly  did:  taking  his  gun,  and  resting 
it  against  a  tree,  he  fired,  and  shot  the  loon  through  the 
neck.     I  confess  I  never  saw  a  better  shot  in  my  life,  and 
was  highly  pleased,  as  it  gratified  my  pride,  in  giving  the 
Americans  a  favourable  opinion  of  the  Savages,  for  whom 
I  always  entertained  a  predilection. 

The  loon  is  a  very  remarkable  bird,  from  the  formation 
of  its  feet:  but  having  no  anatomical  knowledge,  I  cannot 
describe  it  technically.     They  arc  so  made,  that  it  ran 
scarcely  walk;  it  is  therefore  seldom  .seen  on  land.     In 
calm  weather  it  rises  from  the  water  with  great  difficulty, 
and  flies  as  impelled  by  the  wind,  on  which  it  seems  to 
depend.     The  method  usually  adopted  by  the  Indians  to 
kill  these  birds,  is  by  fixing  [38]  a  large  bough  at  the  head 
of  the  canoe,  to  conceal  themselves  till  they  paddle  near 
the  place  where  they  are;  when  at  a  convenient  distance, 
they  fire,  though  not  always  with  .success.     In  the  Chip- 
peway  language  it  is  called  a  maunk,  which  agrees  with 
the  French  word  manqucr,  to  fail;  it  being,  from  its  shy- 
ness, very  diflicult  to  kill.     The  skin,  which  is  very  tough 
and  thick,  is  dried  and  made  use  of  as  cases  to  cover  their 
guns,  to  prevent  the  wet  from  spoiling  them. 

Having  grown  tired  of  living  entirely  with  the  Savages, 
I  made  an  excursion  to  Montreal,  where  I  met  with  an 


II' 


-I 


h 


'^1 


mi 


74 


FMrly  IVestem  Travels 


fVol. 


oft  r  to  go  as  intc-ri.rctcr  to  the  north,  v  (lich,  at  first  I  did 
-t  care  .o  accept;  but  a  the  salary  propo^d.  ^'hln^ 
^me,  upon  matur.  .IdiUration.  I  embraced  the  om>or- 
un,ty  o  er^tcjmg  into  that  .ay  of  life.  ,roni  which  uZ, 
expected  profit  at  leas,,  if  not  pleasure;  but  alas!  I  h!d 

oitytnro^r ''  --^ ''' '—  -^  ^ 

On  the  fourth  of  May.  ,777.  i  |,fj  m„„,,,„   ^.j^j, 
large  brch  canoes,  called  by  the  French,  maf  r.  canol 
havmg  ten  Canadian,  in  each,  as  the  numkr  of  pXS 

andXsT^?'  h'"'^  'V""^P^"  ^^^  ^^'^  --the 
Aslhl  V  ''"  '"'^  ^  ^""^"  ""  "^^"'^  shoulders. 

As  th..r  ^oyage  ks  so  essentially  different  from  the  Eng- 

l.^h  ..arner  of  travelling,  I  shall  raate  it  particularly^  ^ 
The  cunocs  are  made  at  Trois  Rivieres;  they  are  in 
g-eral,  eight  fathoms  long,  and  one  and  a  half  ^^e  cot 
-d  wuh  the  bark  of  the  birch  tree,  and  sewed  very  dole 
w.th  fibrous  roots;  and  of  this  size  they  will  carZ  four 
tons  weight  each.    As  earlv  i,   s^         •  ,     . 

npr,v,;f  ^u  \   ^^  ^^"y  "'  -'''•  spring  as  the  ce  will 

pemut,  they  are  brought  u;.  to  : ..  CVne,  a  village  nine 
mdes  above  Montreal.  ^ 

[39]  La  Chine  takes  it ,  n.,„.  ,„.„  .,  f„„^^j 

Le  Sieur  La  Salle,  who '»/     iO  ,,  j     "'*j  ^''"'^y- 

^""»-»  w"t'  >  J^  uk-   ......  Ti-urdered  by  two 

of  his  own  party,  in  C    ^,  •    ai  ,■,...       .^oa 

•  »„„.        J.      •" .  ■  "  '■= '  .    -   T080,  was  very 

intent  on  discovering  a  sh  .;-c'  ••  ■     m     -  no  ♦», 

then  known,  ^thisUct.;4K:,ac^e^S 
happened  to  him  at  this  place,  he  was  obliged  to  po^ 
pone  his  journey  to  the  east,  which  induced  the  Canadian 
by  way  of  derision,  to  call  it  La  Chine,  or  China;  and  by 
that  name  it  has  ever  since  been  known  »  ^ 

J±  this  place  the  Indian  goods  are  put  on  board  very 


N; 


l^ 


t7ft«-i7«j)     7-  Long's  Voyages  ami  Travds 


75 


%. 

3 


1 

3 


carefully;  tlu  .Iry  mcrchandiM'  in  bak-s  alx>ut  eighty 
pounds  w  eight! .  the  rum,  powder,  and  shot,  in  small 
kegs.  Thr  vojape  from  Trois  Rivieres  to  La  Chine  is 
tedious  ant!  rroaiblcsomc,  as  there  is  a  strong  current  to 
combat;  and  without  a  fair  wind,  and  'xcasionally  a  brisk 
gale  to  assist  or  relieve  the  constant  use  of  the  paddlfs,  it 
would  l)e  imprissible  to  make  any  way.  Where  the  water 
is  shallow,  the  canoes  must  be  forced  fonvard  with  long  set- 
ting {X)les,  while  the  men  wade  knee  deep,  and  pull  against 
the  current  with  ropes;  this  is  a  labour  and  fatigue  beyond 
what  will  be  easily  imagined.  Custom  has  however  made 
the  Canadians  very  expert,  and  I  must  do  them  the  justice 
to  say  they  encounter  these  difTiculties  with  uncommon 
chearfulness,  though  they  somctimvs  exclaim,  "C  ist  la 
misere,  mon  bourgeois."" 

From  La  Chine  to  Michillimakinac,  there  arc  thirty  six 
portages;  the  distance  by  land  and  water  is  about  nine 
hundred  miles:  in  favourable  weather  the  journey  is  fre- 
quently performed  in  abo  ;t  a  month.  Great  care  is 
necessary  to  steer  the  canoes  up  the  strong  rapids;  to 
labour  and  care  must  also  be  added  experience  to  keep 
them  upright,  and  prevent  their  striking  or  rubbing 
against  the  stones,  as  they  are  very  slight,  and  [40]  easily 
damaged.  Whenever  by  accident  they  receive  an  injury, 
as  they  frequently  do,  the  hole  is  stopped  with  gum, 
melted  with  a  piece  of  charcoal;  the  gum  by  wetting  im- 
mediately becomes  hard,  and  is  capable  of  resisting  the 
impression  of  the  water.  When  the  hole  is  too  large  to  be 
stopped  by  gum  only,  the  inner  b<trk  of  the  birch  tree, 

"The  "bourgeois"  was  the  chief  trader,  to  whom  the  voyageurs  were 
bound  by  engagements  for  service.  The  term  was  also  often  applied  to  the 
trader's  agent  or  clerk,  when  the  latter  was  in  command  of  the  expedition. 
See  Turner,  "fur  Trade  in  Wisconsin,"  Wisconsin  Historical  Society  Proceed- 
ings, 1889,  pp.  77-82.— Ed. 


''Rl 


» 1 


;' 


.5 


i 


76 


Early  Western  Travels  [Vol. 


W 


pounded  and  tempered  like  mortar,  is  put  on  the  aperture 
this  IS  covered  by  a  linen  rag,  and  the  edges  firmly  cement- 
ed with  gum.  ' 

We  continued  our  voyage  to  La  Barriere,  at  the  head  of 
the  I  ong  Saut,  or  long  wat.r  fall,  a  very  dangerous  cur- 

T  u  T„  .'  ''''*'■'""*'  '^P'^^'^y  ""^  th^^  fa"-  At  the  top 
ol  this  fall  there  are  some  traders  settled,  but  they  arc 
not  of  any  consequence  either  for  the  extent  of  their  com- 
merce, or  the  profits  arising  from  the  peltry  they  collect 
he  Savages  in  those  parts  being  too  well  acquainted  with 
the  value  of  furs  and  skins  to  be  imposed  upon,  unless 
when  they  are  intoxicated,  an  advantage  I  must  confess 
too  frequently  taken. 

From  this  fall  we  proceeded  to  the  Lake  of  the  two 
Mountains  where  there  is  a  village  belonging  to  the  Con- 
necedaga  Indians,  already  described.  At  this  place  I 
stayed  a  day  among  my  old  friends,  which  was  all  the 
time  my  engagements  would  allow,  as  it  is  of  the  most 
material  consequence  in  this  branch  of  trade  to  be  early 
at  the  wintering  ground. 

We  proceeded  to  the  Uttawa,  or  Grand  River,  coasting 
all  the  way  til  we  came  to  Lake  Nipissin,  from  whence 
the  R.ver  St  Laurence  takes  its  rise.  We  then  entered 
the  Fa>nch  River,  leading  to  Lake  Huron,  and  proceeded 
with  very  favourable  weather  to  Michillimakinac,  where 
we  arrived  on  the  17th  of  June." 

[4 1] The  country  every  where  abounds  with  wild  animals 
particu  arly  bears,  moose  and  other  deer,  beavers,  beaver 
eaters,  lynx,  foxes,  squirrels,  fishers,  otters,  martins,  minx, 

"  For  a  (le.rription  of  the  trade  route  by  way  of  Ottawa  River  Lake  Vini, 
sing,  Cu.,rK>an  Bay,  and   Lake  Huron  to  "^rkinac   see  H    H    n,n       f.    » 
iory  ol  M,  Nor.Hu.s.  Coas,  (San  FrancLsco.  ,8«6     ',     p  "a.  56^  aI^'  for"" 


\^A 


h^ 


1768-1782]      y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


77 


wood  cats,  racoons,  wolves,  musquashes,  &c. There 

are  scarce  any  but  savage  inhabitants  to  be  found,  who 
rove  from  place  to  place  for  subsistance,  fecdinj^  on  the 
animals  they  kill,  except  the  skunk,  or  pole  cat,  which 
they  never  eat,  unless  pressed  by  the  most  extreme  hunger. 

Monsieur  La  Salle  relates,  that  in  his  voyage  on  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi,  among  the  nation  of  the  Oumas, 
who  live  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  he  saw  a  most  ex- 
traordinary animal  between  the  wolf  and  the  lion;  the 
head  and  shape  resembling  the  former,  and  the  tail  and 
claws  like  those  of  the  latter:  he  asserts  it  would  attack 
all  other  animals,  but  was  never  known  to  hurt  a  man; 
that  sometimes  it  would  carry  its  prey  on  its  back,  and 
when  it  had  eaten  till  satisfied,  it  concealed  the  rest  under 
the  leaves,  or  other  cover;  that  every  animal  dreaded  it 
to  such  a  degree,  that  they  would  not  touch  any  part  of 
the  prey  it  had  left;  and  that  the  Indians  called  it  Michi- 
bichi,  which  is  an  animal  of  the  species  of  the  tiger,  but 
smaller  and  less  speckled,  and  is  now  known  to  lx»  the 
panther. 

The  beaver  is  a  curious  animal,  but  it  has  Ix'cn  described 
by  so  many  authors,  that  I  shall  only  observe  what  I 
believe  they  have  not  yet  mentioned.-  -  It  is  seldom  seen 
in  the  day  time:  After  sun  set  it  leaves  its  habitation,  and 
ventures  abroad  either  to  work,  or  procure  food.  It  also 
takes  this  opportunity  to  wash  itself.  But  the  most 
remarkable  singularity  of  this  animal,  is,  that  it  lies  with 
its  tail  constantly  in  the  water,  to  prevent  its  getting  stiff. 
The  flesh  of  it  is  very  goo<l,  either  [42]  lx)iled  or  roasted, 
but  the  tail  is  the  best  part."  While  I  am  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  dainties,  I  may  add,  that  the  snout  of  the  moose  is 

"  On  the  habits  and  u.scs  of  the  Ix'aver  (castor  Canadensis),  see  Martin, 
Caslorologia  (Montreal  and  London,  iSgj).—  Ed. 


.  s 


which  .J^II^t^^pfrlfwarP'  ^^  '^■^^'«'   I*-, 
wherever  il  come.  TJ.1     IT    ^'""''"'  ""^  I^^'We: 

-.  and  ei:^:i:r,tLtti:;;>-^'  "^^--^'-^ 
a.tU"t:.^:',t,"'rr«re:'aT"-r'-- 

gun,  and  accide„,a,.y  kOled  anEngL^n'^Lt''  "' 
advancmg,  he  discovered  the  bov  le»nr„        •  ™ 

and  not  beinir  of  fl,.  .  •  '^  leaning  against  a  tree, 

boys  mtent^it  :e"rrio  h,r  "h  rrr  •"  "■» 

am;  the  boy  v^rv artful  vHr!    K    ',      ''  '°°''  ''™  ''>'  '*" 
.hrough  .he'chin'^th  ':^  „     ^d^^^^  '"^  'n"'"" 

Ws  hand  ,0  tomahawk  h m    „he„  alol^r  T.'™*^ 
stantly  coming  UD  ast^  I,,-       """.ano'her  Indian  m- 

ed  him  ?  he  rLw  tf  ^  '"T"'""  "'"'  ''^<'  """'"' 
mediately  take  l^if;calD-^^;  t  "«'  """  ""^  «""''''  ™- 

-IndiL^ho^h^-rnTeStrX-hir"' 


i^/'J^^f/ff 


UiiMUkfXV^ 


[43]  Description  of  Lake  Superior,  -^t/A  the  Ceremony  of 
Indian  Adoption. 
Having  taken  in  Indian  com,  and  hard  grease,  (the 
food  all  traders  carry  to  the  upper  country)  and  ex- 
changed my  large  canoes,  or  maitre  canots,  for  smaller 
ones,  the  latter  being  more  convenient  to  transport  across 
the  carrying  places,  and  better  calculated  to  run  into  small 
creeks,  we  proceeded  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary,  (a  strait  so 
called)  which  is  formed  by  two  branches  that  separate 
from  each  other  at  the  furthest  point  of  the  lake.     Here 
is  a  small  picketted  fort  built  by  the  Indians,  and  about 
ten  log  houses  for  the  residence  of  English  and  French 
traders.     The  nation  of  the  Sauteurs  formerly  were  set- 
tled at  the  foot  of  the  Falls,  and  the  Jesuits  had  a  house 
near  them."    At  this  place  there  is  abundance  of  fine 
fish,  particularly  pickerill,  trout,  and  white  fish  of  an 
uncommon   size.     From   this   place   we   continued   our 

"  The  normal  food  of  those  who  wintered  in  the  woods  was  Indian  corn 
and  ullow.     See  Turner.  ' '  Fur  Trade  in  Wisconsin,' '  pp.  78,  79 

The  Falls  of  St.  Mary,  or  Sauh  Ste.  Marie,  were  visited  by  traders  as  early 
as  1616.  The  Jesuit  Relation  of  .640  gives  a  partial  description  of  this  place. 
Kadisson  and  Groseilliers  were  here  between  1658  and  1660;  and  here  (,660) 
a  Jesuit  mission  was  established  by  Allouez  and  Dablon.  After  i6Sg  the  mb- 
sion  and  tra.ling  post  were  abandoned  in  favor  of  Mackin,,c;  b,.:  Sauh  Ste 
Mane  continued  to  be  a  station  on  the  Northwestern  fur-tru.ie  ro..e  and  in 
1750  the  land  thereabout  was  granted  to  De  Repentignv  <,n  t„n,lition  that  he 
erect  a  fort  at  that  place.  After  the  English  occupation,  a  Fre  „  h  Canadian. 
J.  B.  Cadot,  ha<l  a  trading  post  here,  which  wa  .  probahlv  the  one  mentioned  by 
Long.  Later,  the  North  West  Company  occupicf  ih,-  .si,,t;  Ut  in  .8.4  its 
post  was  burne.l  by  a  detachment  of  American  iwops.  comn,,„ded  by  Major 
Holmes,  who  afterwards  fell  at  the  unsucces.,ful  ..ttack  on  Mackinac  The 
first  military  t>ost  and  Indian  agency  of  the  United  States  at  Sault  Ste  Marie 
was  established  in  1822. 

The  Saulteurs  were  a  Chippewa  tribe,  so  called  by  the  French  from  having 
been  first  encountered  at  the  Sault.  The  name  afterwards  was  employed  to 
designate  all  the  Chippewa  n.ition.  A  pretty  Indian  legend  of  the  origin  of 
these  falls,  is  found  in  Jesuit  Relations,  liv,  p.  201.—  Ed. 


V 


Hi 


''  f ., 


'  i^Hsi*'  ^•flTfiBfevar:. 


AHE'irsit.  5»?:ii' 


8o 


Early  Western  Travels 


r 


[Vol.  2 

yoyage  to  Lake  Superior,  formerly  called  Lake  Tracv 
m  honour  of  Mons.  de  Tracy,  who  was  appointed  vicero'; 
of  Amenca  by  the  French  king  in  June,  ,665  It's 
reckoned  s,x  hundred  leagues  in  circumference,  and  on 
t  are  a  great  number  of  large  and  small  islands  At 
h    entrance  of  this  lake  is  a  high  rock,  somewhat  n  the 

'  K^he    M  "?'   "'"'  '''  ^^'PP-^y   Indians  cal 
K  tehee  Mamtoo,"  or  the  Master  of  Life.    Here  they 

tobacco,  and  other  thmgs,  into  the  water:  by  this  thcv 
.ntend  to  make  an  acknowledgment  to  the  rock  as  the 
representative  of  the  Supreme  Being,  for  the  blesin' 

ments,  and  those  thmgs  which  they  hold  most  dear  '•  An 
example  worthy  of  imitation,  so  far  as  respects  the  gc^ 

^  Cl  M.'  ""^""  ''  ^^^  Creator,'exhibit,^|t 
o    he  Ifi  ''  T^  '"  ""''  "^'"^^^  ^'ate,  without  any 

of  the  refinements  of  civilization,  is  sensible  of  his  depend 
ance  on  an  mvisible  power,  however  ignorantly  or  un- 

Thea^;  IT-PT  '"  ^"^^-  ^'^  alone'knoUh 
t^he^heart.  and  will  judge  every  man  by  the  knowledge  he 

Superstition  is  a  noxious  plant,  but  it  hath  flourished  in 
every  chmate  from  the  torrid  to  the  frigid  zone     Hits 

ti:vZrt  "  P^"'^'°"^  ^'"""^  '-'^-^  nation 
as  we  know  they  have,  is  ,t  to  be  wondered  that  barbarians 
have  suffered  by  it?    The  poor  untutored  Indian  wH 
not  mcur  a  great  degree  of  censure  for  obeying  the  dTctaTe 

c  stom^of':'""^'  "^^"^'  ^"^  ^°"-'"«  ^^^^t 
given  to  all,  and  ,t  is  a  melancholy  reflection  that  those 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Traiels 


81 


.1 


who  have  been  enlightened  by  it,  are  not  so  superior  to 
the  Savages  as  one  should  naturally  expect  to  find  them. 

In  this  rock  there  are  several  cavities  near  a  mile  in 
length,  and  about  twenty  feet  in  width,  arched  at  the  top. 
The  lake  freezes  only  close  to  the  shore,  the  water  being 
constantly  in  a  swell,  and  the  waves  frequently  mountains 
high,  which  is  easily  accounted  for,  when  we  consider  its 
immense  extent.  On  a  calm  day,  a  little  distance  from 
shore,  sturgeon  may  be  seen  in  very  deep  water.  The 
surrounding  land  is  high  and  rocky,  and  the  woods  ex- 
tremely thick.  The  palm,  birch,  ash,  spruce,  and  cedar, 
grow  large,  and  in  great  abundance.  The  North-west 
Company,  established  at  Montreal,  keep  a  vessel  on  [45] 
the  lake  to  transport  their  goods  from  Michillimakinac 
to  the  grand  portage  on  the  north-west  side,  and  return 
with  the  peltry  collected  in  the  inlands." 

On  the  4th  of  July  we  arrived  at  Pays  Plat,"  on  the  north 
east  side  of  the  Lake,  where  we  unpacked  our  goods,  and 
made  the  bales  smaller,  having,  by  the  Indian  accounts, 
one  hundred  and  eighty  carrying  places  to  the  part  where 
I  intended  to  winter.  On  our  landing  wc  discovered  at 
some  distance  a  number  of  Indians,  which  induced  us  to 
accelerate  the  arrangement  of  the  cargo,  in  case  of  barter, 
and  be  prepared  to  embark  when  the  business  was  finished. 
Every  thing  being  properly  secured,  I  made  up  to  the 
Savages,  and  calculated  their  number  at  one  hundred  and 

"Probably  the  "Athabasca,"  one  of  the  first  schooners  of  the  North  West 
Com[)any  on  Lake  Superior.  Sec  Masson,  Bourgeois,  ii,  p.  149.  The  French 
had  a  sailing  vessel  on  Lake  Superior  as  early  as  .  735.  See  Wisconsin  Histori- 
cal CoUeclions,  xvii. —  Ed. 

•'  Pays  Plat  was  the  fur-trade  station  near  the  Nipigon  River,  about  one 
hundred  miles  east  of  Grand  Portage.  It  was  situated  on  one  of  the  islands  of 
Nipigon  Bay,  and  so  named  because  of  the  low  land  and  shoal  water  in  the 
vicinity.    See  Bigsby,  Shoe  and  Canoe  (London,  1850),  p.  aaj.—  Ed. 


I 


\y\mA 


il- 


>' 


11 


;*<i; 


Tfjr^v :^jf-nsiu  .><K 


82 


Early  Western  Travels  [Vol. 


fifty:  most  of  them  were  of  the  Chippeway  tribes;  the  rest 
were  of  the  nation  of  the  Wasses.    They  gave  me  fish 

pr^ntrTr'v'r'."''^'^  ^  retume^with  triflTg 
wX"  H  u        '•^•^^/'^^^^  "-'"'^  ^vas  Matchee  Que 
wish,"  held  a  councU,  and  finding  I  understood  their 
language   proposed  to  adopt  me  as  a  brother  warrior 
Though  I  had  not  undergone  this  ceremony,  I  was  not 

bv  otterTT"'  1 '!;'  "'^""  ''  '''  ^^^'"S  been  informed 
Hon  ^r  .  T  "^''''  P"'"  '""'^  ^"^"^^d  •■"  their  adop- 
.on,  though  they  declared  they  were  favoured  exceed- 
ngly;  I  determmed  however  to  submit  to  it,  lest  my  re- 
fusal of  the  honour  intended  me  should  be  attributed  to 
fear,  and  so  render  me  unworthy  of  the  esteem  of  those 
from  w-hom  I  expected  to  derive  great  advantages,  and 
wuh  whom  I  had  engaged  to  continue  for  a  considerable 

The  ceremony  of  adoption  is  as  follows. A  feast  is 

prepared  of  dog's  flesh  boiled  in  bear's  grease,  with  huckle 
bernes,  of  which  it  is  [46]  expected  every  one  should 
hearfly  partake.  When  the  repast  is  over^the  war  sonR 
IS  sung  m  the  following  words.  ^ 

"Master  of  Life,  view  us  well;  we  receive  a  brother  war- 
rior who  appears  to  have  sense,  shews  strength  in  his  arm 
and  does  not  refuse  his  body  to  the  enemy  ' '  ' 

.ic^^'f  'Y  T  '°"^'  '^  '^^  P'""^"  ^""'^  "°t  discover  any 
signs  of  fear  he  .s  regarded  with  reverence  and  esteem 

no  onfv'.'-'n'  °'"r  °'  '''  '"'^^^^'  ^^"S  -"-dered 
not  only  as  md.spens.ble,  but  as  the  greatest  recommenda- 
tion^  He  .s  then  seated  on  a  beaver  robe,  and  presented 

^  J  For  a  history  of  .he  Chippewa  Indians,  sec  Minn..oia  HiU^a,  CoUec 
•88-.94._  Ed  ■  ''■"  ^^""'""''  ""'^'^  CoUeCion,,  li,  pp. 


1768-1783]     J.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels 


•ft 

4 


83 


with  a  pipe  of  war  to  smoke,  which  is  put  round  to  every 
warrior,  and  a  wampum  belt  is  thrown  over  his  neck. 

The  calumet,  or  Indian  pipe,  which  is  much  larger  than 
that  the  Indians  usually  smoke,  is  made  of  marble,  stone, 
or  clay,  either  red,  white,  or  black,  according  to  the  cus- 
tom of  the  nation,  but  the  red  is  mostly  esteemed;  the 
length  of  the  handle  is  about  four  feet  and  a  half,  and 
made  of  strong  cane,  or  wood,  decorated  with  feathers  of 
various  colours,  with  a  number  of  twists  of  female  hair 
interwoven  in  difTerent  forms;  the  head  is  finely  polished; 
two  wings  are  fixed  to  it,  which  make  it  in  appearance  not 
unlike  to  Mercury's  wand.  This  calumet  is  the  symbol 
of  peace,  and  the  Savages  hold  it  in  such  estimation,  that 
a  violation  of  any  treaty  where  it  has  been  introduced, 
would  in  their  opinion  be  attended  with  the  greatest  mis- 
fortunes." 

Wampum  is  of  several  colours,  but  the  white  and  black 
are  chiefly  used;  the  former  is  made  of  the  inside  of  the 
conque,  or  clam  shell;  [47]  the  latter  of  the  muscle:  both 
are  worked  in  the  form  of  a  long  bead,  and  perforated 
in  order  to  their  being  strung  on  leather,  and  made  up  in 
belts. 

These  belts  are  for  various  purposes:  When  a  councQ 
is  held,  they  are  given  out  with  the  speeches,  and  always 
proportioned  in  their  size,  and  the  number  of  the  rows  of 
wampum  which  they  contain,  to  the  idea  the  Indians  en- 
tertain of  the  importance  of  the  meeting;  they  frequently 
consist  of  both  colours.  Those  given  to  Sir  William 
Johnson,  of  immortal  Indian  memory,  were  in  several 

"  Fur  a  description  of  Indian  i>ipes  and  smoking  habits,  see  U.  S.  National 
Museum  Report,  1897,  pp.  351  ff.  The  material  for  the  red  calumets  is  called 
"cathnite,"  from  George  Catlin,  who  described  it  in  1836.  It  is  found  in  the 
Pipestone  quarries  of  Pi[)estone  County,  in  Southwestern  Minnesota.  See 
Jesuit  Relations,  lix,  p.  310.—  Ed. 


*|: 


<i 


.1! 


84 


Early  IVestern  Travels 


[Vol.  a 


P 


rows,  black  on  each  side,  and  white  in  the  middle:  the 
white  being  placed  in  the  centre,  was  to  express  peace, 
and  that  the  path  between  them  was  fair  and  open.  In 
the  centre  of  the  belt  was  the  figure  of  a  diamond,  made 
of  white  wampum,  which  the  Indians  call  the  council  fire. 
When  Sir  William  Johnson  held  a  treaty  with  the 
Savages,  he  took  the  belt  by  one  end,  while  the  Indian 
chief  held  the  other:  if  the  chief  had  any  thing  to  say,  he 
moved  his  finger  along  the  white  streak;  if  Sir  Wlllium 
had  any  thing  to  communicate,  he  touched  the  diamond 
in  the  middle. 

These  b  Its  are  also  the  records  of  former  transactions, 
and  being  worked  in  particular  forms,  arc  easily  decipher- 
ed by  the  Indians,  and  referred  to  in  every  treaty  with 
the  white  people.  When  a  string  or  belt  of  wampum  is 
returned,  it  is  a  proof  that  the  propo^  d  treaty  is  not  ac- 
cepted, and  the  negotiation  is  at  an  end. 

But  to  return  from  this  digression.  When  the  pipe  has 
gone  round,  a  sweating-house  is  prepared  with  six  long 
poles  fi.xed  in  the  ground,  [48]  and  pointed  at  the  top;  it  is 
then  covered  with  skins  and  blankets  to  exclude  the  air, 
and  the  area  of  the  house  will  contain  only  three  persons! 
The  person  to  be  adopted  is  then  stripped  naked,  and 
enters  the  f,ut  with  two  chiefs;  two  large  stones  made  red 
hot  are  brought  in,  and  thrown  on  the  ground;  water  is 
then  brought  in  a  bark  dish,  and  spr:.-:.  ._-d  ou  the  stones 
with  cedar  branches,  the  steam  ;fi*inj,'  iroiii  v  hich  puts 
the  person  into  a  most  profuse  perppuation,  urd  open?  the 
pores  to  receive  the  other  part  of  the  cerem.  ny. 

When  the  perspiration  is  at  the  ht.;'ht,  h-  .iu  tj  the 
house,  and  jumps  into  the  water;  immei'i.Uely  on  cf  r  li;«r 
out  a  blanket  is  thrown  over  him,  and  he  is  led  to  the 
chief's  hut,  where  he  undergoes  the  followi-  '  c,  vrstion. 


1 768- 1 78 j)     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


8S 


Being  extended  on  his  Ijack,  the  chief  draws  the  figure 
he  intends  to  maite  with  a  pointed  stick,  dipped  in  water 
in  which  gunpowder  has  been  dissolved;  after  which,  with 
ten  needles  dipped  in  vermilion,  and  fixed  in  a  small 
wooden  fnme.  he  pricks  the  delineated  parts,  and  where 
the  bolder  outlines  occur,  he  incises  the  flesh  with  a  gun 
flint;  the  vacant  spaces,  or  those  not  marked  with  ver- 
milion, arc  rublx'''  "n  with  gunpowder,  which  produces 
the  variety  of  red  and  blue;  the  wounds  are  then  seared 
with  punk  wood,  to  prevent  them  from  festering. 

This  operation,  which  is  performed  at  intervals,  lasts 
two  or  three  days.  Every  morning  the  parts  are  washed 
with  cold  water,  in  which  is  infused  an  herb  called 
Pockquecsegan,  which  resembles  English  box,  and  is 
mixed  by  the  Indians  with  the  tobacco  they  smoke,  to 
take  off  the  strength.  During  the  process,  the  war 
songs  are  sung,  accompanied  by  a  rattle  hung  round  with 
hawk  bells,  ca''  d  chessaquoy,  [49]  which  is  kept  shaking, 
to  stifle  the  groans  such  pains  must  naturally  occasion." 
Upon  the  ceremony  being  completed,  they  give  the  party 
a  name;  that  which  they  allotted  to  me,  was  Amik,  or 
Beaver. 

In  return  for  the  presents  given  me  by  Matchee  Que- 
wish,  which  I  had  only  acknowledged  by  some  trinkets, 
and  to  shew  how  much  I  was  pleased  with  the  honour 
they  had  conferred  on  me,  I  resolved  to  add  to  my  former 
gifts;  I  accordingly  took  the  chiefs  to  a  spot  where  I  had 
directed  my  men  to  place  the  goods  intended  for  them, 
and  gave  them  scalping  knives,  tomahawks,  vermilion, 
tobacco,  beads,  &c.  and  lastly  rum,  the  unum  neces- 
sarium,  withv^ut  which  (whatever  else  had  been  bestowed 

"  For  a  description  of  the  rattle  called  "sysyquoy,"  see  Wisconsin  HislurUal 
ColUctions,  xvi,  p.  367;  ai.d  Masson,  Bourgeois,  ii,  p.  333.—  Ed. 


I  Ml'- 


I  !    i 


86 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  a 


on  them)  I  should  have  incurred  their  serious  displeas- 
ure. Our  canoes  being  turned  up,  and  the  goods  prop- 
erly secured,  I  told  the  Canadians  to  keep  a  con  tant 
watch,  night  and  day,  while  we  were  encamped.  This 
precaution  is  absolutely  necessary,  as  the  Indians  gener- 
ally do  mischief  when  they  are  intoxicated.  On  this 
occasion  our  care  was  of  infinite  service,  for  with  the 
rum  we  gave  them,  they  continued  in  a  state  of  inebriety 
three  days  and  nights,  during  which  frolic  they  killed 
four  of  their  own  pa'-ty;  one  of  whom  was  a  great  chief, 
and  was  burnt  by  his  son:  having  been  a  famous  warrior, 
he  was  buried  with  the  usual  honours  peculiar  to  the 
Savages,  viz.  a  scalping  knife,  tomahawk,  beads,  paint, 
&c.  some  pieces  of  wood  to  make  a  fire,  and  a  bark  cup 
to  drink  out  of  in  his  journey  to  the  other  country. 

On  the  2ist  we  embarked,  leaving  the  band  extremely 
well  satisfied  with  our  conduct,  which  they  acknowledged 
in  the  most  expressive  language;  but  as  it  was  customary 
to  take  conductors  from  one  Lake  to  another,  I  engaged 
twenty  of  the  Chippcways  to  accompany  me  in  passing 
[50]  by  land  the  Grande  Cote  de  la  Roche,  which  is  the 
rout  that  all  the  traders  are  obliged  to  take,  on  account 
of  the  great  cataract,  which  is  reckoned  six  hundred  feet 
in  height  near  the  entrance  of  the  Xipc^on  River.  This 
journey  is  extremely  fatiguing  to  the  men,  who  are 
obliged  to  ascend  a  steep  hill  with  considerable  burdens, 
and  for  this  reason  it  is  customary  to  rest  two  or  three  days 
to  recruit  their  strength. 

We  left  la  Grande  Cote  dc  la  Roche  in  good  spirits,  and 
continued  our  voyage  to  Lake  Alemipigon,  where  wc  met 
another  band  of  Savages  of  the  same  nation.  A  council 
was  held,  and  mutual  presents  exchanged.  We  stayed 
here  ten  days,  encamped  by  the  side  of  the  Lake;  during 


i768-i7«il     7.  Long's  Voyages  and  Trtnels 


87 


\u  i 


which  time  a  skirmish  happened  among  the  Indians,  in 
which  three  men  were  Itillid,  and  two  wounded,  after  a 
dreadful  scene  of  riot  and  confusion,  occasioned  by  the 
baneful  effects  of  rum. 

Lake  Alemipigon,  or  Nipegon,"  is  about  one  hundred 
miles  in  length,  and  supplies  the  Savages  with  great 
quantities  of  fish.  The  land  affords  abundance  of  wild 
roots,  and  the  animals  arc  very  numerous.  The  Indians 
who  hunt  here  are  in  number  about  three  hundred,  and 
arc  remarkably  wild  and  superstitious. 

"  The  Nipigon  River  i<i  the  largMt  and  mo»t  northerly  tributary  of  Lake 
Sujicrior,  and  the  outlet  for  Lake  Nipigon.  Its  region,  until  the  building  of  the 
Canadian  I'atilic  Railroad,  was  almost  as  wild  and  unknown  as  when  visited 
by  the  French  explorers  in  the  seventeenth  rentury.  I'emil  mentions  this 
river  and  lake  in  his  M/moire  (1(158);  and  Duluth  (1684)  wn,tc  to  De  la  B.irre 
of  the  "fort  which  I  have  construe te<l  near  the  River  h  la  .\Iaiine,  .it  the  bottom 
[the  north  end)  of  Lake  Alemipigon,"  as  a  barrier  to  the  Knglish  trade  from 
Hudson  Bay.  In  1687,  Duluth's  brother  traded  with  fifteen  hundre<l  Indians 
in  the  Lake  Nipigon  region.  The  furs  fnim  this  district  were  es|K-cially  rich 
and  valuable,  and  the  trading  i«)st  on  the  lake  ap|«ars  to  have  lieen  maintained 
throughout  the  French  occupation.  La  Wrtndry.-  was  commandant  here  in 
1728,  when  he  I«camc  fired  by  the  rcp.jrts  of  the  sjivage  Ochagach,  with  zeal 
for  Western  exploration.  See  Northern  and  Wcslrrn  Boundaries  0/  Ontario 
(Toronto,  1878),  pp.  68-80. 

In  1757,  nougainville  describes  this  post  as  follows:  • '  Les  Nepigon.s,  a  post 
established  to  the  north  of  Lake  Suiierior;  the  comman.iant  is  its  farmer  ami 
pays  for  that  privilege  about  4,000  francs;  it  includes  the  Lake  k  la  Carpe. 
The  post  produces  generally  every  year  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  bun<lles  of 
fur."  After  the  British  occupation  the  pro<luctiveness  of  the  region  derhned. 
Duncan  Cameron  says  that  when  he  first  went  to  this  country  (1785),  the  whole 
district  produced  but  fifty-six  pat  ks  of  fur,  although  it  had  no  opposition  from 
Hudson  Bay,  and  part  of  the  Lake  Winnipeg  department  was  included  in  the 
Nipigon  district.  See  f'ameron,  "The  Nipigon  Country,"  in  Masson,  Bour- 
Sfoit.  ii,  pp.  ?,tt-3oo.  The  North  West  Company  considered  this  to  be  its 
territory,  but  later  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  built  a  post  at  Red  Rock,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  — now  a  station  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway. 
The  Hudson's  Bay  Company  still  maintains  a  wintering  post,  known  as  Poplar 
Lodge,  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Nipigon.  Sec  Canadian  Bureau  of  Mines 
Report,  igoi,  p.  212.  The  Nipigon  River  is  now  noted  as  a  fisherman's  para- 
dise. For  a  description  of  the  route  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  to  the  lake,  see 
Canadian  Geological  Survey  Report,  1867-69,  p.  336.-—  Ed. 


I«i 


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MICROCOTY   RiSOlUTION   TKT   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


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■SB  (716)   482  -  0300  -  Phone 

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88 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


)IJ 


On  the  first  of  August  we  departed  with  fifteen  In- 
dians, not  only  to  serve  as  guides,  but  to  assist  us  across 
the  portages.  We  lived  on  animal  food  and  roots  re- 
serving our  corn  and  hard  grease  for  the  winter.  Every 
evening  at  sun  set  we  encamped,  and  got  into  our  canoes 
at  break  of  day.  We  continued  our  march  to  Lac 
Eturgeon,  or  Sturgeon  Lake,  but  did  not  stay  there  a 
sufficient  time  to  enable  me  to  give  a  particular  account 
of  It;  I  have,  however,  described  it  in  the  narrative  [51] 
of  my  journey  to  Lake  Manontoye,  where  I  encamped  for 
three  days  on  account  of  the  badness  of  the  weather. 

On  the  twenty  fifth  of  September  we  arrived  at  Lac  la 
Mort,  or  Dead  Lake,  situate  to  the  north-east  of  Lake 
Alemipigon.    This  Lake  is  about  sixty  miles  in  circum- 
ference, the  land  low  and  swampy,  and  the  water  very 
unpleasant  to  the  palate:  it  has  been  much  frequented  by 
the  Indians,  for,  during  the  time  I  wintered  there  I  dis- 
covered no  less  than  thirty-five  different  roads,  about  three 
feet  wide,  leading  from  the  woods  to  the  Lake  side-  it 
abounds  with  fish,  and  is  frozen  over  in  the  winter  the 
ice  not   breaking  away  till  AprU.    The  Indians  who 
resort  to  it  are  good  hunters,  but  very  wild.    The  Chip- 
peways  are  not  so  fond  of  dress  as  the  other  Savages,  par- 
ticularly those  tribes  who  live  very  remote  from  MichiUi- 
makinac;  this  is  easily  accounted  for;  as  the  ice  remains 
almost  to  the  last  spring  month  in  England,  and  the  winter 
season  begins  early  in  the  month  of  October,  the  inter- 
mediate time  is  employed  in  making  and  repairing  canoes 
takmg  short  excursions  for  food,  amusing  themselves  iii 
swimming,  and  other  pastimes  peculiar  to  the  Savages 
The  luxury  of  dress  can  be  little  regarded  by  those  whose 
constant  necessities  require  the  utmost  exertions  for  their 


\\i      \ 


■A 


I 


1768-1782]     y.  Longs  Foyages  and  Travels 


89 


daily  supply,  and  who  arc  not  provident  enough  to  lay 
up  a  store  of  provisions  for  winter.     Indians  in  general 
are  extremely  indolent,  from  the  wildest  to  the  most  civil- 
ized,  and  value  themselves  upon  being  so;  conceiving  it 
beneath  the  dignity  of  a  warrior  to  labour,  and  that  all 
domestic  cares  and  concerns  arc  the  province  of  women 
alone.    This  aversion  for  labour  does  not  arise  from  dread, 
or  dislike  of  fatigue;  on  the  contra r,  no  people  encounter 
or  endure  it  with  more  chcarfulness,  particularly  in  their 
amusements,  which  are  of  various  kinds,  and  many  of 
them  [52]  violent  and  laborious.     They  are  calculated 
to  make  them  athletic,  and  at  the  same  time  by  the  pro- 
fuse perspiration  which  they  occasion,  they  render  the 
joints  supple,  and    enable    them    to  hunt  with    more 
facility. 

Playing  at  ball,  which  is  a  favourite  game,  is  very 
fatiguing.     The  ball  is  about  the  size  of  a  cricket  ball, 
made  of  deer  skin,  and  stuffed  with  hair;  this  is  driven 
forwards  and  backwards  with  short  sticks,  about  two 
feet  long,  and  broad  at  the  end  like  a  bat,  worked  like  a 
racket,  but  with  larger  interstices:  by  this  the  ball  is  im- 
pelled, and  from  the  elasticity  of  the  racket,  which  is 
composed  of  deers'  sinews,  is  thrown  to  a  great  distance: 
the  game  is  played  by  two  parties,  and  the  contest  lies 
in  intercepting  each  other,  and  striking  the  ball  into  a 
goal,  at  the  distance  of  about  four  hundred  yards,  at  the 
extremity  of  which  are  placed  two  high  poles,  about  the 
width  of  a  wicket  from  each  other;  the  victory  consists 
in  driving  the  ball  between  the  poles.    The  Indians  play 
with  great  good  humour,  and  even  whan  one  of  them  hap- 
pens, in  the  heat  of  the  game,  to  strike  another  with  his 
stick,  it  is  not  resented.    But  these  accidents  are  cau- 


m 


H 


I    I ' 


90 


Early  Western  Travels 


'i! 


^11 


[Vol.  2 

hT!l  "r'"^'"^'  "'  ''^^  violence  with  which  they  strike 
has  been  known  to  break  an  arm  or  a  leg  " 
Jihtergain,  or  miss  none  but  catch  all,  is  also  a  favourite 

Lkr?  ^/    J   ''  P'^^'''  ^'''^  ^  ""'"be'  °f  hard  beans, 
r  n^  ^"^Jh't'^'  «"<^  of  which  has  small  spots,  and 
called  the  kmg:  they  are  put  into  a  shallow  wood  n  ^w 
and  shaken  alternately  by  each  party,  who  sit  on  the 
eToufh  :rt^:  °"  another;  who;ver  is  dexter  1 
recdvt  of  r  V  'P°"''  ^"  J""P  ^"*  °f  the  bowl. 
Ire  snots     he       n  T'l^^^^  ^^  '"^"y  ^-^  -^  ther 
th^g"  ''''  °^  ^^^  ^^^"^  ^«  "°t  ^°"nt  for  any 

xcd  t  fht""'''  '"'''"''  "'^^  '  ^^^^  ^^^^"^•^Jv  seen 
numL  h^  amusement.  The  game  is  played  by  any 
number  o   boys  who  may  accidentally  assemble  together 

snoot  a  It.  At  this  exercise  they  are  surprisingly  expert 
and  w,l,  stop  the  progress  of  the  hoop  when  gTg  S 
g^eat  velocity,  by  driving  the  pointed  arrow  into  ts 
edge;  this  they  will  do  at  a  considerable  distance,  atd  in 

a'tk^f  ^Ca'r  ^^^^^^^^^  ^;  ''f  penny  off 
^„„„  VI.  .  •'*'"^-  spears  and  tomahawks  thev 
manage  with  equal  dexterity.  ^ 

canldTatniuirgr::'  Srirh"  rT"'""  °^  ^''-''^ »—  «^«= 

W,...-.,ii:pJ''33j;33^8^!:E";"^^    ^--'^   (Bain-sed.).    p.   „;    M,3son, 
;'Fnr_a^i.ilar  ga.e  with  sligh.   modification,  see   Masson,  Bourgeois. 


)  I, 


[54]  Settlement  at  Lac  la  Mart,  M  the  Prorecdi„^s  oj  a 
Trading  Party. 
The  fatigue  my  Canadians  hac'    .  idergone  rendered 

o  settle  at  Lac  la  Mort.    The  weather  was  also  set- 
ting m  cold,  and  threatened  to  be  very  severe,  whi  h  IL 
an  additional  motive.    Having  refreshed  ou  selves   and 
secured  the  canoes,  I  look  two  Indians  to  shew  me  a  spot 
proper  for  building  upon.     We  fixed  close  toThe    ake 
Side,  where  we  erected  a  loghouse,  thirty  feet  long   and 
twenty  feet  wide,  divided  into  two  apartments,  into  whkh 
we  deposited  our  goods.    The  next  concern  was  to  con 
ceal  our  canoes  in  the  woods,  and  to  hide  the  i^m  under 
ground,   except  a  small   quantity  for  immediaT  use 
knowmg  by  experience  the  necessity  of  keeping  it  from  th^ 
Indians,  as  our  safety  so  essentially  depended  on  it 

our  table  m  the  wilderness,  we  prepared  our  winter  firing 
as  wood  IS  very  difficult  to  bring  home  in  severe  weatTef 
At  leisure  times  we  hunted,  to  increase  our  stock  of  pTi" 
visions,  which  would  not  have  been  sufficient  to  support 

traSo'r'  "^^  r^^^  '^  '^-^  ^'^  ^^^^ 

r.if  .  J  ^''^^'''  ^^°  sometimes  bring  animal  food 
to  the  traders.    As  the  snow  began  to  fall  vty  hTavy  we 

uZ'sTT  '"T^'^"^  ^''^  ^^"^  excursions,Sou 
usmg  snow  shoes.  For  the  space  of  a  fortnight  we  hunted 
with  great  success,  and  caught  a  number  of  small  ani^I  s 

relieT  and"    T^  ''"^'  ^'"^  P^^^^  ^  — ab^ 
re  lef    and  saved  the  corn  and  grease.    We  had  been 

set  led  about  three  weeks,  when  a  large  band  of  Savages 

arrived;  having  only  eight  Canadians'with  me  I  de^d 

them  to  act  wUh  the  utmost  precaution,  as  oir  nuXr 


I  '  i 


w 


U  ! 


Il 


92 


^fyJVestern  Travels  (Vol.  a 

was  comparatively  small,  and  in  case  of  a  drunken  frolic 
he  property  might  be  pillaged,  and  our  lives  sacrificed' 
fortunately  for  me  I  had  very  steady  men,  who  were  well 
accustomed  to  the  Northwest  Indians.     We  were  mutually 
pleased  with  each  other,  as  no  trader  had  wintered  there 
before.     The  great  chief,  whose  name  was  Kesconeek 
made  me  a  present  of  skins,  dried  meat,  fish,  and  wild 
oats;  a  civility  which  I  returned  without  delay,  and  in  a 
manner  wUh  which  he  seemed  highly  gratified.     The  rest 
of  the  Savages  then  came  into  my  house,  one  by  oie 
which  ,s  called  Indian  file,  singing  war  songs,  and  danc- 
ing.   All  of  them,  except  the  chief,  placed  themselves  on 
the  ground;  he,  standing  upright  with  great  dignity  in 
the  centre  of  the  tribe,  delivered  the  following  speech 

Angaymer  Nocey,  wa  haguamissey  kaygo  arwayyor 
kee  zargetoone  <may  barthlyage  Nishinnorbay  nogome 
cawmckca  kitchee  Artau-way  winnin,  kilchee  morgussey 
cargoneek  neennerunnd  zargetoone  artaurway  neenner- 
vnnd  dehwoye  Nocey  barthlyage  meekintargan  omar  ap- 
peemeenequy,  mackquah,  amik,  warbeshance  menoach 
kegonce. ' ' 

"It  is  true,  Father,  I  and  my  young  men  are  happy  to 
see  you:- as  the  great  Master  of  Life  has  sent  a  trader 
to  take  pity  on  us  Savages,  we  shall  use  our  best  endeav- 
ours to  hunt  and  bring  you  wherewithal  to  satisfy  you  in 
turs,  skins,  and  animal  food." 

[56]  This  speech  was  in  fact  intended  to  induce  me  to 
make  them  further  presents;  I  indulged  them  in  their 
expectations,  by  giving  them  two  kegs  of  rum  of  c-ht 
gallons  each,  lowered  with  a  small  proportion  of  wat'er 
accc  ling  to  the  usual  custom  adopted  by  all  traders' 
five  carrots  of  tobacco,  fifty  scalping  knives,  gun-flints,' 
powder,  shot,  ball,  &c.    To  the  women  I  gave  beads 


1 768- 1 78 j]     y.  Longs  Voyages  and  Tt 


rai'ti 


93 


trinkets,  &c.  and  to  eight  chiefs  who  were  in  the  Ijand, 
each  a  North-west  gun,  a  callicj  shirt,  a  scalping  knife 
of  the  best  sort,  and  an  additional  quantity  of  .'minu- 
nition.  These  were  received  with  a  full  yo-hah.  or 
derronstration  of  joy. 

The  women,  who  are  on  all  occasions  slaves  to  their 
husbands,  were  ordered  to  make  up  bark  huts,  which 
they  completed  in  about  an  hour,  and  every  thing  was 
got  in  order  for  merriment.  The  rum  being  taken  from 
my  house,  was  carried  to  their  wigwaum,  and  they  lx-g?n 
to  drink.  The  frolic  lasted  four  days  and  nights;  and 
notwithstanding  all  our  precaution  (securing  their  guns 
knives,  and  tomahawks)  two  boys  were  killed,  and  six 
men  wounded  by  three  Indian  women;  one  of  the  chiefs 
was  also  murdered,  which  reduced  me  to  the  necessity 
of  giving  several  articles  to  bury  with  him,  to  complete  the 
usual  ceremony  of  their  interment.  These  frolics  are 
very  prejudicial  to  all  parties,  and  put  the  trader  to  a  con- 
siderable expence,  which  nevertheless  he  cannot  with 
safety  refuse.  On  the  fifth  day  they  were  all  solder,  and 
expressed  great  sorrow  for  their  conduct,  lamenting 
bitterly  the  loss  of  their  friends. 

On  the  26th  of  October  they  departed  for  the  hunt, 
which  gave  us  great  satisfaction,  as  we  had  scarcely  rested 
during  their  abode  with  [57]  us.  When  they  got  into 
their  canoes,  they  sung  the  dead  war  song.—  ' '  Wabindam, 
Kitchee  Mannitoo,  haguarmissey  hapitch  neatissum:''— 
or,  "Master  of  Life,  view  me  well,  you  have  given  me 
courage  to  open  my  veins.' ' 

Having  pUed  the  winter's  firing  at  a  convenient  dis- 
tance from  the  house  to  prevent  accidents,  we  prepared 
the  nets  for  fishing.  The  ice  was  three  feet  thick,  and  the 
snow  very  deep;  this  we  were  obliged  to  clear  away,  before 


i-H 


t  1 


1    I 


.'i  I 


0]' 


I  .' 


ll'i 


VUi 


'I  I 

..  i 

if  ■ 


94 


Ear/y  IVestert:  Travels 


[Vol.  3 


we  coul  1  cut  holes  in  which  to  put  our  nets.  For  the 
space  of  two  months  wc  had  uncommon  success,  having 
caufiht  about  eighteen  thousand  weight  of  fish,  which  we 
hung  up  by  the  tails  across  sticks  to  freeze,  and  then  laid 
them  up  for  storo.  This  was  to  us  an  important  acquisi- 
tion, as  fishing  in  the  middle  of  winter  is  precarious,  and 
'he  return  of  the  Indians  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  traders 
very  uncertain. 

In  summer  the  fishers  go  up  the  lakes,  as  well  as  rivers, 
and  are  generally  most  successful  at  the  foot  of  a  deep 
stream,  or  the  mouth  of  a  creek.  In  the  beginning  of 
winter  they  cut  a  large  opening,  and  set  nets.  In  the 
depth  of  winter  they  make  a  small  hole,  in  which  they 
angle;  and  sometimes  they  cut  two  holes  in  a  right  line 
through  the  ice,  and  pass  a  line  at  the  end  of  a  stick  from 
hole  to  hole,  by  which  they  haul  the  net  under  the  ice, 
frequently  with  good  success.  In  winter,  fishing  is  the 
daily  employ  of  half  the  men,  though  in  very  severe 
weather  it  is  a  fatiguing  service. 

In  the  beginning  of  January,  1778,  our  provisions  run 
short,  having  nothing  left  but  some  spawn  of  fish,  which 
we  beat  up  with  [58]  warm  water  and  lived  upon.  The 
intense  severity  of  the  weather  would  not  allow  us  to 
look  after  the  nets;  and  although  thus  distressed  for  want 
of  better  food,  we  wt  obliged  to  stay  at  home,  keeping  a 
large  fire,  and  lying  almost  continually  on  our  blankets, 
which  weakened  us  exceedingly.  Having  remained  in 
this  inactive  state  for  some  time,  and  hunger  pressing 
hard,  I  roused  myself,  and  proposed  to  my  men  to  make 
marten  traps,  which  they  went  about  with  the  utmost 
cheerfulness.  When  they  had  hnished  i.  sufficient  num- 
ber, they  .set  them  in  the  woods,  at  the  distance  of  about 
two  miles  from  the  house.    While  they  'vere  employed  in 


!l,' 


ii 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  timl  Travels 


95 


this  service,  I  was  left  alone,  it  Ix-iriR  necessary  for  some 
one  to  remain,  in  case  of  the  arrival  of  SavaRcs.  The 
first  day  my  men  were  successful,  and  returned  with  two 
racoons,  three  hares,  and  four  musquashes;  on  those  we 
feasted  the  next  day;  and  though  we  were  not  satisfied, 
they  proved  a  seasonable  relief,  and  enabled  us  to  pursue 
the  business  we  were  engaged  in  with  greater  spirits, 
fondly  expecting  more  prosperous  days. 

In  a  little  time  we  were  again  destitute,  and  the  men 
became  disheartened;  this  induced  me  to  propose  a 
journey  to  Lake  Manontoye,  where  wc  knew  Mr.  Shaw," 
a  brother  trader,  had  wintered,  to  endeavour  to  procure 
some  wild  rice,  which  the  Indians  told  me  grew  in  the 
swamps  at  that  place.  The  Canadians  approved  of  the 
plan,  and  said  they  hoped  they  should  be  able  to  provide 
for  their  subsistence  till  my  return.  Previous  to  my  de- 
parture, we  were  compelled  to  kill  a  favourite  dog,  be- 
longing to  Joseph  Boneau,  one  of  my  people,  which  most 
sensibly  affected  us,  because,  independent  of  the  attach- 
ment we  had  towards  him,  he  was  a  very  useful  animal. 
The  next  morning  I  put  on  my  snow  shoes,  and  per- 
suaded an  Indian  and  his  wife,  who  were  with  [59]  me 
occasionally,  and  had  accidentally  come  in  from  the  hunt 
with  six  hares,  to  accompany  me,  promising  them  pay- 
ment in  rum  at  my  return:  they  agreed  to  go,  and  it  was 
very  fortunate  they  did,  as  I  could  not  have  found  the 
way  without  a  guide. 

We  set  off  with  the  six  hares,  and  travelled  four  days 
without  killing  any  thing;  this  was  a  disappointment,  but 
with  the  little  stock  we  carried  with  us,  we  subsisted 
tolerably  well.    About  an  hour  before  sunset  on  the 


fi.  UM 


•'  Mr.  Shaw  was  an  independent  trader,  fatb-  •  of  Angus  Shaw,  partner  and 
-ent  of  the  North  West  Company. —  Ed. 


Hi. 


i 
•'I 


hi 


I 


96 


Earfy  IVestem  Travels 


|\ol.  , 


fourth  day,  we  stopped  at  a  small  crcvk.  which  wa.  too 
deep  to  be  forded,  and  whilst  the  Indian  was  assisting 
me  m  mak.nR  a  raft  to  cross  over,  rather  than  swim 

hrou«h  m  such  cold  weather,  a.,ain3t  a  strong  current. 
Looked  round,  and  missed  his  wife:  I  was  rather  dis- 
pleased, as  the  sun  A-a.  near  setting,  and  I  was  anxious 
to  gam  the  opposite  shore,  to  encamp  Jx>fore  dark  I 
asked  the  Indian  where  she  was  gone;  he  smiled,  and  told 
me,  he  supposed  into  the  woods  to  set  a  collar  f„r  a 
partridge.    In  about  an  hour  she  returned  with  a  new- 

Ch.ppeway,  «Ot.«;,  Sa^^omsh  Payshik  Shontaf^onish," 

Z' .  ^^"""1  ?"«''''''"^"'  •■«  a  young  warrior."    It  is  said 
hat  the  Indian  women  bring  forth  children  with  very 
httle  pam,  but  I  believe  it  is  merely  an  opinion.    It  is 
rue  they  are  strong  and  hardy,  and  will  support  fatigue 
o  the  moment  of  their  delivery;  but  this  does  not  prove 
they  are  exempt  from  the  common  feelings  of  the  sex  on 
such   trying  occasions.    A  young  woman  of  the   Rat 
Nation  has  been  known  to  be  in  labour  a  day  and  a  night 
without  a  groan.    The  force  of  example  acting  upon  thei^ 
pride,  will  not  allow  these  f-oor  creatures  to  betray  a 
weakness,  or  express  the  pain  they  feel,  probably  lest  the 
husband  should  think  her  unworthy  of  his  future  atten- 
tion and  despise  both  mother  and  child:  at  any  rnte,  he 
would  tell  her  the  infant,  [60]  if  a  boy,  would  never  io  a 
warrior;  and  if  a  girl,  would  have  a  dastardly  spirit,  and 
of  course  neither  of  them  be  fit  for  a  Savage  life 

1  ^  ^^'"'^'JMr'"  ""^  ^  ^''P"^'^  ^hat  the  Indian  women 
love  their  chUdren  with  as  much  affection  as  parents  in  the 
most  cmhzed  states  can  boast;  many  proofs  might  be 
adduced  to  suppo-  this  assert:-on.  A  mother  suckles  her 
child  till  It  attains  the  age  of  .'our  or  five  years,  and  some- 


17^8  178 j)     y.  Long's  Foyagi's  and  Tntvels  97 

times  till  it  is  six  or  seven.  From  their  infant  state  tluj 
endeavour  to  promote  an  in<iej)endent  spirit;  they  arc 
never  known  either  to  Ixat  ^,r  scold  thetn,  lest  the  martial 
disposition  which  is  to  adorn  their  future  life  and  charac- 
ter, should  be  weakened:  on  all  occasions  they  avoid  everv 
thing  compulsive,  that  the  freedom  with  which  they  wish 
tiicm  to  think  and  act  may  not  Ix;  controuled.  If  they  die, 
they  lament  their  death  with  unfeigned  tears,  and  even 
for  months  after  their  decease  w'll  weep  at  the  graves  of 
their  departed  children.  The  nation  of  Savages  called 
Biscatongcs,  or  by  &  rrench,  Pleureurs,  are  said  to 
weep  more  bitterly  at  the  birth  of  a  child,  than  at  its 
decease;  because  they  look  upon  death  only  as  a  journey 
from  whence  he  will  return,  but  with  regard  to  his  birth» 
they  consider  it  as  an  entrance  into  a  life  01  perils  and  mis- 
fortunes." 

As  soon  as  a  child  is  born,  if  in  summer,  the  mother  goes 
into  the  water,  and  immerses  the  infant;  as  soon  as  this  is 
done,  it  is  wrapped  up  in  a  small  blanket,  and  tied  to  a 
flat  board,  covered  wi»h  dry  moss,  in  the  form  of  the 
bottom  of  a  coffm,  with  a  hoop  over  the  top,  where  the 
head  lies,  to  preserve  it  from  injury.  In  winter  it  is  clad  in 
skins  as  wc  II  &s  blankets.  In  the  heat  of  summer  gauze 
is  thrown  over  the  >  >ung  Savage,  to  keep  off  the  mus- 
quitoes,  whivii  aw  't-ry  troublesome  [61]  in  the  woods. 

the  child  is  placed,  is  slung  to  the 
h  a  broad  worsted  belt,  and  rests 


The  board,  on  whi< 
mother's  forehca  1  ' 
against  her  back. 
When  the  Fren- 
had  neither  linen, 

•'This  is  a  citation  frui. 
first  account  of  the  tribe,  apfv,, 
weeping  he  so  fully  describes  in 
Indians. —  Ed. 


-cssion  of  Canada,  the    cmen 
'dling  cloaths;  a)!  their  child- 

V  -  li/  Discn'try  of  Ui-rtnepin,  who  giv'  ,  the 

fitly  a  branch  of  the  Siouic    whose  custom  of 

nnection  with  his  captivity  among  the  Issati 


'1; 

I 


X 


9S 


l„i 


il', 


■1: 


1    I 


I    1 


'Ml 


Ktirfy  tVestern  Travels  fVoi.  , 

\^\  furniture  consisted  of  a  kind  of  trough,  filled  with 
dry  rotten  woo<J  dust,  which  -'s  as  soft  as  the  finest  down 
and  well  calculated  tc  imbibe  the  moisture  of  the  i-^farf 
on  this  the  child  was  placed,  covered  with  rich  furs,  and 
tied  down  with  stror .^  leather  st-'ngs.    The  dust  was 
changed  as  often  as  necessary,  till  the  child  was  weaned  •• 
Among  the  Indians  who  are  in  any  degree  civilized,  the 
women  eed  their  children  with  pap  made  of  Indian  com 
and  milk,  if  .t  can  be  obta.ad;  but  in  the  parts  more 
northern,  and  remote  from  Europeans,  wild  rice  and  oats 
are  substituted,  which  being  cleansed  from  the  husk 
and  pounded  be-    cen  two  stones,  arc  boiled  in  wate^ 
with  maple  suga. .  'his  fowl  is  reckoned  very  nourishing, 
and  with  broth  made  from  the  flesh  of  animals  and  fish 
which  they  are  frequently  able  to  procure,  cannot  fail 
of  supporting  and   strengthening   the   infant.    Among 
several  of  the  tribes  of  Indians,  pap  is  made  of  sagavite! 
from  a  root  they  call  toquo,  of  the  bramble  kind:  'his  is 
washed  and  dried,  afterwards  ground,  or  pounded,  and 
made  into  a  paste,  which  being  baked  is  pleasant  to  the 
taste  bu'  of  a  very  astringent  quality.    It  is  the"   -ommon 
bread. 

On  our  arrival  at  Lac  Eturgeon,  as  the  we.cner  was 
bad  we  encamped  three  days,  which  gave  me  an  oppor- 
tunity of  making  some  observations  [62]  on  this  I  ake 
which  I  could  not  do  when  I  passed  it  in  my  way  to^Lac 
la  Mort. 

This  Lake,  by  the  Indian  accounts,  is  about  five  days 
journey  by  water:  the  width  in  some  parts  is  about  thirty 

^^sT'  A  ^'^^^''  ^'^  ^  ""'"^''  °^  ^""^^  'sla^^s  on  it  which 
abound   with   hares,   partridges,   and   wild   fowl.    The 

by  GrL't'.-Ttrf '  1  !l"  '^'"'P'"''  '"^''"^  ""^  "'^^'^'^  '"  '"°-  detail 
by  Grant,     The  Sauteux  Indians," '  in  Masson,  bourgeois,  ii.  pp.  3„,  j.j,^  ed. 


^f    \ 


99 


i 


^j^ 


176.H  178^]      y.  Long's  royagcs  an  J  T raw  it 

Indians  who  fm|utnt  it  are  the  Hawoyzusk  or  M  :, 
qr-  1.  whc  speal.  the  Chippeway  language.  Thvj  arc 
usually  nor  sfai')nary  than  the  generahly  v[  the  Chippe- 
wa vs;  they  :^'Idom  leave  the  inlands,  and  are  excellent 
hunters.  Mr.  Car>'er,  in  his  chart,  points  cut  a  village 
leading  to  Rividre  St.  Croi.x,  which  he  .says  belongs  to  the 
roving  Chippcways;  but  I  believe  all  the  nation,  with 
very  few  exceptions,  may  be  called  rovers  in  the  stricte.st 
sense  of  the  worii.  •' 

The  first  day  of  our  encampment  we  kilUd  a  hare,  made 
fish  ho(jks  of  the  thigh  bones,  and  liaited  them  -viih  the 
flesh.  The  lines  vere  made  of  the  Ijark  of  th.  willow 
tree  cut  into  sli;.s,  and  twisted  hard  together.  Success 
crowned  our  endeavours,  for  we  not  only  caught  sufficient 
for  present  u^( .  hut  enough  for  the  remainder  of  the 
journey  to  Lake  Manontoye. 

The  day  before  our  arrival  we  killed  two  otters,  which 
I  intended  as  a  present  to  Mr.  Shaw,  not  doubting  but 
any  animal  food  would  be  acceptable  from  llie  .severity 
of  the  season,  concluding  that  his  situation  was  as  bad 
as  our  own,  except  in  the  article  of  wild  oats.  When 
arrived  within  about  six  miles  of  the  lake,  we  met  a  smaU 
party  of  Indians,  who  alarmed  us  by  an  account  of  a 
dreadful  confusion  among  their  tribe,  occasioned  by  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Savages  having  killed  three  of  their  [63] 
band;  and  they  said  they  believed  Mr.  Shaw  had  fallen 
^  sacrifice  to  their  fury,  as  they  had  heard  them  consult 

"  TJ-is  »  true  not  only  of  the  St.  Croix  River  (Wisconsin)  Chippewas.  hut 
of  nearly  all  the  tribe  up  to  the  present  time.  The  "woods  Indian"  north  of 
Lake  SufK-rior  is  usually  a  Chippewa  (Ojibwa),  and  a  large  portion  o'  those 
under  the  care  of  the  Canadian  government  are  still  huntere.  The  C-  .adian 
Department  of  Indian  .Affairs,  in  iu  Report  for  tooo,  represents  the  modem 
Ojibwa  as  httle  changed,  except  from  general  inability  to  obuin  liquor  as  freely 
as  in  the  olden  days  of  the  fur-trade.—  Ed. 


rli' 


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11 


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•.' 


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u 


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f  r,  (1 


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t> 


•(if, 


■',!'./ 


I 
I 


I   HI 


f  r 


M  I 


lOO 


Ear/jf  H^estem  Travels 


[Vol. 


together  to  plunder  the  trader.    They  lamented  exceed- 
ingly their  inabUity  to  assist  him,  not  being  even  strong 
enough  to  resent  their  own  personal  injury;  however,  they 
promised  to  accompany  me  on  the  way,  as  near  to  Mr 
Shaw's  house  as  their  safety  would  admit. 

Having  taken  refreshment,  we  pursued  our  journey  till 
withm  two  miles  of  the  house,  when  they  thought  it 
prudent  to  leave  me,  and  wishing  me  success,  retired 
into  the  woods,  out  of  the  track,  to  avoid  being  seen 
where  they  promised  to  stay  tUl  my  return.    My  Indian 
and  his  wife  did  not  choose  to  proceed  any  farther,  being 
also  afraid  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Savages.    I  confess  my 
situation  was  very  unpleasant,  and  I  debated  in  my  mind 
what  steps  to  take  to  attempt  the  relief  of  a  brother 
trader,  and  at  the  same  time  avoid  injury  myself.    Rely- 
ing on  my  usual  success  in  suppressing  these  kind  of 
tumults  occasioned  by  intoxication,  and  conscious  that  I 
knew  as  well  as  any  man  the  nature  of  the  Indians  when 
under.its  pernicious  influence,  I  did  not  doubt,  however 
unsuccessful  my  endeavours  might  prove  as  to  rescuing 
Mr.  Shaw  from  his  perilous  situation,  but  that  I  should 
certamly  be  able  to  efifect  an  escape  myself  in  case  of  an 
attack;  and  as  one  favourable  suggestion  frequently  gives 
birth  to  another,  and  establishes  by  degrees  a  confidence  in 
the  mmd,  I  anticipated  Mr.  Shaw's  delivery  to  my  entire 
satisfaction.    Fortified  by  these  flattering  hopes,  I  deter- 
mmed  to  exert  my  best  and  speediest  endeavours  in  his 
behalf,  and  pursued  my  journey  without  delay.    When  I 
arrived  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  scene  of  discord, 
1  heard  the  war-hoop  in  a  manner  very  loud  and  clam- 
orous; and  though  I  had  been  accustomed  [64]  to  such 
sounds,  I  was  very  much  alarmed,  and  felt  my  resolution 
rather  staggered ;  sensible  that  the  rage  of  drunken  Indians 


1i' 

lit  i 


i 
.i 


1768-178^]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


lOI 


when  It  has  risen  to  a  certain  pitch,  knows  no  bounds,  and 
of  the  extreme  difficulty  of  reconciling  them  to  any  person 
to  whom  they  had  unfortunately  taken  a  dislike.  Ani- 
mated, however,  with  the  idea  of  behaving  like  a  warrior 
and  recurring  to  the  time  when  I  was  adopted  at  Pays 
Plat,  I  conceived  it  unmanly  to  shrink  from  danger,  and 
pushing  through  the  woods,  had  soon  a  full  view  of  the 
infernal  spirits,  for  I  could  give  them  no  better  name. 

I  lay  some  minutes  in  ambush,  listening  with  great  at- 
tention, till  I  heard  one  of  them  cry  out  in  the  Chippeway 
language,   "  Hagmrmissey  mornooch  gunnisar  Cushec- 
ance-r  or,  "I  do  not  mean  to  kill  the  Cat-^  which  was 
a  name  given  to  Mr.  Shaw  by  the  Indians,  from  his 
speakmg  in  a  feeble  voice.    This  convinced  me  he  was 
alive,  though  in  imminent  danger.    I  made  all  possible 
haste  up  to  the  house,  and  found  the  Savages,  both  men 
and   women,   completely  drunk.    The  huts  had   been 
knocked  down,  the  canoes  adrift,  and  the  whole  formed 
the  most  dreadful  scene  of  confusion  I  had  ever  beheld. 
There  were  also  an  old  Indian  and  a  woman,  who  I  after- 
wards learned  was  his  mother,  lying  dead  upon  the  snow 
by  the  lake  side.    I  made  several  efforts  to  get  into  the 
house,  but  was  prevented  by  the  Savages,  who  kept  me 
back,  kissing  me,  and  telling  me  they  loved  me,  but  that 
I  must  not  attempt  to  relieve  the  Cat.    At  last,  with  in- 
conceivable difficulty,  I  persuaded  them  to  attend  to  me 
and  felt  the  most  extreme  satisfaction  in  having  succeeded' 
at  least  so  far,  in  an  attempt  which  would  have  been  dan- 
gerous to  any  one  to  have  undertaken  who  was  not  fully 
master  of  the  language  and  character  of  the  Savages,  and 
[65]  at  the  same  time  cool  and  dispassionate  enough  to 
hear  their  nonsense  with  patience  and  temper, 
I  then  addressed  myself  to  the  most  sober  of  the  chiefs. 


'H 


h^ 


I 


li' 


\  I 


1 


I1 


ti 


,^!if; 


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in 


[  I  ill 


;  I ' 


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hi 

■v: 
il 


I02 


Ear/y  fTestem  Travels 


[Vol.  2 

and  inquired  of  him  the  cause  of  the  dispute;  he  told  me 
Mr.  Shaw  was  a  dog  instead  of  a  cat,  for  that  he  had  re- 
fused them  rum;  and  that  though  he  and  the  rest  of  the 
tribe  were  happy  to  see  me,  because  they  had  heard  I 
always  had  a  good  heart  towards  the  Savages,  I  should 
not  go  in  to  assist  the  trader,  for  they  were  the  masters  of 
he  wigwaum,  and  not  he,  and  that  they  were  resolved 
to  have  all  the  rum  in  his  possession  before  break  of  day 

Mr.  Shaw's  house  might  very  properly  be  styled  a  fort 
being  secured  by  high  pickets,  which  made  it  difficult  fo^ 
he  Indians  to  approach  it,  and  he  had  taken  the  precau- 
tion to  asten  the  outer  gate  as  weU  as  the  door.    I  told 
the  chief  It  was  not  my  intention  to  interfere,  that  I  passed 
accidentally  in  my  way  to  Lac  le  Rouge,  and  should  only 
stay  to  refresh  myself.    This  information  pleased  him 
exceedingly,  as  he  knew  Mr.  Shaw  had  only  one  man  in 
the  house,  the  rest,  with  the  interpreter,  being  out  in 
search  of  provisions,  so  that  at  my  departure  there  would 
not  remam  force  sufficient  to  obstruct  their  proceedings 
I  perceived  them  so  fully  bent  on  accomplishing  their 
purpose,  that  had  I  betrayed  the  least  intention  or  incli- 
nation to  relieve  the  unhappy  man,  I  should  most  probably 
have   been  dispatched  without  much  ceremony.    The 
effects  of  the  rum  they  had  already  drank,  had  so  elevated 
their  spirits,  that  nothing  less  than  the  full  possession  of 
the  whole  stock  would  satisfy  them;  and  I  am  persuaded 
that  If  half  of  them  had  perished,  the  rest  would  without 
hesitation  have  risked  their  lives  in  the  attempt.    To 
avoid  all  suspicion,  [66]  which  would  probably  have  been 
fatal  both  to  Mr.  Shaw  and  myself,  I  left  the  chief,  and 
watched    an    opportunity    of    returning    undiscovered. 
Fortunately  the  Indians  had  not  drank  all  the  rum  Mr. 
Shaw  had  given  them,  and  the  chief  as  soon  as  I  had  left 


J 


f ; 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


103 


him  went  back  to  his  hut  to  increase  his  intoxication,  and 
communicate  the  conversation  which  passed  between  us, 
the  rest  of  the  band  having  retired  soon  after  the  confer- 
ence began. 

Observing  the  coast  clear,  I  walked  unobserved  to  the 
fort,  and  spoke  loud  both  in  French  and  English:  Mr. 
Shaw  and  his  man  heard  me,  and  recollecting  my  voice, 
were    transported    beyond    measure.    The    man,    who 
was  a  Canadian,  was  most  delighted,  as  his  fears  were  very 
strong,  it  being  the  first  year  he  had  wintered  among  the 
Savages.    On  my  approach,  I  heard  him  cry  out  with 
the  greatest  vehemence,  ''Mon  Dieu!  que  je  suis  cmtenti 
Ndtre  ami  est  arrive,  aulrement  nous  serions  joutu.    Je 
conte  assurement,  que  nous  serons  bientot  litre,  moti  cher 
bourgeoisr    He  instantly  opened  the  gave;  I  entered 
precipitately,  and  congratulated  him  on  the  prospect  of 
counteracting  the  designs  of  the  Indians,  being  resolved 
to  exert  my  best  endeavours,  and  to  l-^e  or  die  with  them. 
Mr.  Shaw  thanked  me  for  my  profc.=ions  of  friendship, 
and  immediately  gave  me  a  concise  account  of  the  dis- 
turbance.   He  said  the  Hudson's  Bay  Indians  had  come 
to  him  with  very  little  peltry,  and  after  trading  for  it,  he 
had  given  them  more  rum  than  they  had  any  right  to 
expect;  that  instead  of  being  content  with  this,  they  in- 
sisted on  more;  that  in  a  fit  of  intoxication  they  had  kiUed 
an  Indian  and  his  mother;  and  had  attempted  to  set  fire 
to  his  house  with  punk  wood,  which  they  shot  at  it  lighted, 
fixed  to  the  points  of  arrows.    Having  heard  his  story,' 
I  encouraged  him  to  keep  up  his  spiiits,  and  advised  [67] 
him,  when  the  Indians  returned  to  execute  their  purpose, 
to  appear  indifferent  to  theu-  menaces. 

Whilst  we  were  in  deep  discourse,  I  discovered  three 
chiefs  at  a  small  distance  from  the  house,  in  very  earnest 


\ 


\    I 


11 


1i 


•r\ 


\ii 


■I 


I'll    ! 
.ill 


i  'I 

t 


104 


^arlyWestem  Travels 


[Vol. 


conversation  and  was  convinced  they  were  devising  some 

1^Z\  V^""'  ^^  ^'^^'    ^^  ^^^y  approached,  I 
caUed  to  them,  and  desired  them  to  come  into  the  house- 
they  immediately  advanced,  and  walked  in  one  by  one" 
with  looks  of  treachery,  which  the  earnestness  of  the 
business  to  be  executed  would  not  aUow  them  to  conceal. 
I  talked  to  them  without  the  least  reserve,  and  in  appar- 
en   good  temper:  I  asked  them  if  they  were  sober ;  but 
before  they  could  give  me  an  answer,  the  rest  of  the  band 
came  to  the  door,  but  did  not  enter;  the  head  chief  then 
told  me  they  were  very  sober,  and  expressed  great  con- 
cern or  then-  conduct,  but  that  now  the  strong  water  had 
bst  Its  mfluence  they  saw  their  folly,  and  were  sure  the 
bad  spirit  had  left  their  hearts. 

and  that  they  did  not  deser^•e  success  in  hunting,  for  their 
bad  behaviour  to  the  trader,  who  had  been  a  kind  father 
to  them,  and  supplied  aU  their  wants.  I  then  presented 
them  with  «)me  tobacco  to  smoke  in  council,  which  was 
weU  received,  and  looking  earnestly  at  the  chief,  addressed 
the  band  to  the  following  effect. 

''Keennerwind  Ojemar  woke,  kee  wahindan  inden- 
endum  kee  kee  noneydone  Kitchee  Mannitoo,  oiey 
candan  opin  weene  aighter  cjey  petoone  nowwetting 
guyack  debarchemon  kaygaU  nin  oathty  hapadgey  nee 
woke  keennerwind  equoy  kee  janis  gayer  metach  nogome 
gudderbarchemon  [68]  hw-  '  O,  nishshishshin  artaw- 
■way  -mnntn  kaygait  nee  ..  .oone  artamvay  winnin 
metach  kakaygo  arwayyor  Matchee  Mannitoo,  guyyack 
neennerwind oathty  mornooch kee appay  omar  neegee  '' 

"You  chiefs,  and  others  of  the  tribe  whose  eyes  are 
open  I  hope  you  will  give  ear  to  the  words  of  my  mouth. 
The  Master  of  Life  has  opened  my  brain,  and  made  my 


dl 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


101 


breath  blow  <,'ood  words.  My  heart  feels  for  you,  your 
wives,  hi-A  children;  and  what  I  now  speak  proceeds 
fr'-m  the  root  of  my  friend's  sentiments,  who  owns  this 
'•  ouse,  and  who  has  told  me  that  his  heart  was  opened  to 
you  on  your  arrival;  but  notwithstanding  his  kindness, 
the  bad  spirit  got  possession  of  you,  which  made  him  very 
unhappy,  though  he  hoped  the  Master  of  Life  would 
change  your  dispositions,  and  make  you  good  Indians,  as 
you  used  to  be."  To  this  speech  one  of  the  chiefs  made 
answer: 

''Kay gait  Amik,  kee  aighter  annaboycassey  omar 
hapadgey;  O,  nishshishshin  kee  deharchemon  nogome 
neennermnd  ojey  stootewar  cockinnor  nee  doskeenner- 
waymug  kee  debwoye  neecarnis  hapadgey  sannegat  neenner- 
wind  ha  nishinnorbay  kaygwotch  annaboycassey  ozome 
Scuttaywabo  ojey  minniquy  neennerwind  angaymer  Amik, 
shashyyea  suggermarsh  cockinnor  nogome  mornooch 
toworch  payshik  mticcuk  Scuttaywabo  ojey  bockettynan 
Cushshecance  warbunk  keejayp  neennermnd  ojey  boossin; 
—  haw,  haw,  haw.^' 

"It  is  true,  Beaver,  you  have  strong  sense,  it  sweetens 
your  words  to  us,  and  we  all  understand  you.  We  know, 
friend,  your  lips  open  with  truth.  It  is  very  hard  for  us 
Indians,  who  have  not  the  sense  of  the  white  people  to 
know  when  we  have  had  enough  of  the  strong  [69]  fiery 
water;  but  we  hope  the  Cat  will  throw  off  the  film  from 
his  heart,  as  ours  are  clear:  we  also  hope  he  will  open  his 
heart  once  more,  and  give  us  a  small  keg  of  the  strong 
water,  to  drink  to  the  health  of  our  brother  and  sister, 
whom  we  have  sent  to  the  far  country,  and  tomorrow  at 
break  of  day  we  will  depart.' ' 

Mr.  Shaw,  by  my  advice,  promised  to  comply  with 
their  request,  on  condition  of  their  being  true  to  their  en- 


ik»ll^ 


^jl 


H 


hi 

Hi 


t  i 


Pi 


fji^ 


I  >^ 


1 06 


Ear/y  fVeslet-n  Travels 


[Vol. 


gagements,  and  that  they  should  forbear  even  tastincr  fK 
rum  while  they  remained  on  the  prouTd     ThUH  ?^ 
nation  I  acquainted  them  with,  a^th^  ret' ^dtT ' 
huts  leaving  us  in  quiet  possession  of  the  fort. 

to  hon   tT  '""''"'^  ^"'^^  ^"  ^-^S-^^  ^hich  induced  me 

o  hope  that  my  promise  of  rum  to  them,  on  their  depart 

ure,  had  accomplished  the  desired  effec  :  butlfla  te^^^^^^^ 

myself  too  much,  as  the  storm  was  not  yet  e4n  a   th^ 

th?l  ^^  ''  '''  '"f^  assembled.^nr:L" 
^ot  i^f^'.j,  ""^^  •'"mediately  given  them;  and  they 

dead     This  bemg  very  uncustomary,  alarmed  me  as  no 
people  are  more  particular  in  payin^the  gTe ate"  ;e  ;ec 
o  the  remains  of  the  deceased.    Suspecting  the  S 

short  71  •''''  "  ^'^"'  ^"^  *^^^  ^^^y  --e  only  gon^f 
short  distance  to  drink  the  rum,  we  prepared  fo^an 
a  tack  loadmg  twenty  eight  north-west  g^ns  and  a  brace 
of  pistols,  and  sat  down  by  the  fire  exDert.W  f h  •      I 
to  comnlMt  fi,«  ^    •  r  expecting  theu-  return 

prevented  n  .t  f  "^^  ^'^'^""^^e  arrival  had  hitherto 
prevented  In  about  an  hour  they  returned  very  much 
mtoxicated,  singing  their  dead  war  songs  an7  Tverv 
warrior  naked,  painted  black  from  head  to  Lt  as  the^ 
approached  the  house  in  Indian  file,  each  o^e  repe^el 

1    ^^ev^rtheless  we  do  not  mean  to  kill  the  Cat,  we  only 
own  this  fort,  and  all  that  is  in  it  "  ^ 

Whilst  they  were  singing,  we  were  preparing  our  guns 
and  placmg  them  so  as  to  be  ready  for  immediate  u^^W 
necessaiy;  being  determined  to  make  a  vto  ous  res'i 

selt,  the  Canadian  havmg  fled  to  the  woods. 
I  assumed  the  character  of  commander  in  chief,  and 


i768-i78a]     J.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels 


107 


i-^ 


I 


desired  Mr.  Shaw  to  obey  my  orders  implicitly,  and  by 
no  means  to  fire  till  I  gave  the  signal;  well  knowing  that 
the  death  of  one  of  the  Savages,  even  in  our  own  defence 
would  so  exasperate  the  rest  that  there  would  not  be  a 
possibility  of  escaping  their  fury.     As  our  situation  was 
truly  critical,  we  acted  with  as  much  coolness  as  men 
devoted  to  destruction  could.    A  fortunate  thought  came 
into  my  head,  which  I  instantly  put  in  practice:  I  went 
into  the  store,  and  roUing  a  barrel  of  gunpowder  into 
the  outer  room,  knocked  out  the  head.    I  had  scarcely 
finished  It,  before  the  Savages  arrived,  and  advancing  to 
the  door,  armed  with  spears  and  tomahawks,  said  to  each 
other,  ^^keen  etamr  or,  "you  go  first."    We  stood  ready 
to  receive  them,  and  gave  them  to  understand  we  were 
not  afraid  of  them.    One  of  the  band  entered  the  house 
and  I  said  to  him  sternly,  "//a  wa  neyoe  shemaf^onish 
equoy  kee  iertennin  marmo?'^  or,  "Who  now  among  you 
old  ^^omen  is  a  brave  soldier  ?"  and  immediately  pointing 
my  pistol  cocked  to  the  barrel  of  gurpowder,  cried  out 
with  great  emphasis,  "Cockinnor  marmo  neepoo  nogame-' ' 
or,  "We  will  all  die  this  day."    On  hearing  these  words 
they  ran  from  the  door,  crying,  ''Kiichee  Mannitoo  ojey 
petoone  Amtk  O  mushkowar  hagmrmissey  yang:"  [71] 
or,  "The  Master  of  Life  has  given  the  Beaver  great 
strength  and  courage."    The  women  fled  with  the  utmost 
precipitation,  pushed  their  canoes  into  the  water,  and 
got  off  as  fast  as  they  could:  the  men,  who  before  were 
intoxicated,  became  sober,  and  making  as  much  haste  as 
possible,  paddled  to  an  island  opposite  the  house.    Soon 
after  a  canoe  came  on  shore  with  six  women,  to  endeavour 
to  make  up  the  breach;  but  I  refused  aU  reconcUiation, 
tellmg  them  that  they  might  have  known  me  before-  that 
my  name  was  Beaver;  that  all  the  Indians  knew  me  to  be 


r   1 


:i.^-'>: 


f' 


io8 


Early  Western  Travels  fVoi. 


f.'i  • 


a  wamor;  and  that  my  heart  was  not  easily  melted 
The  women  immediately  returned,  carrying  with  them 

us  agl!n  ^  ""'  '^'^  ^^  "°*  '"^^"^  '°  *^«"bl^ 

froII"lt  *'^'"  ^'P^j;  P'"'""'"  '^^  '"'"d'  ^^  ^^'■e  saved 
from  almos  mevitablc  destruction,  and  probably  from 
'-•ndmg  our  hves  under  the  most  excruciating  torture 

It  may  not  be  improper  to  observe  the  necessity  there  is 
for  a  trader  to  be  cool,  firm,  and,  in  case  of  erne  gency 
brave,  but  not  rash  or  hasty.    The  Indians  arc  jus   oT 
senders  of  the  human  mind,  and  easUy  discover  true  from 
affeced  courage    by  that  apparent  tranquillity  whSS 
clearly  d.stmgu.shes  the  former  from  the  latter.    It  I 
well  known  that  no  people  in  the  world  put  courage  to  so 
severeatnaUnd  watch  at  the  executions  of  their  fnemi" 
with  such  savage  cunos.ty,  the  effects  of  the  tortures  they 
mfl  ct;  even  the  women  exult  in  proportion  to  the  agony 
betrayed  by    he  unhappy  sufferer;  though  it  frequently 

thaM^h"       .  '''  ""':  ^P"'^  "P^^^^'"g  -  both  parties! 
that  the  most  excruciating  torments  cannot  extort  a  sigh 

An  examp  e  or  two  from  Mr.  Adair's  History  of  the 

American  Indians,  will  shew  the  firmness  of  an  Indian 

I72j  mind,  and  prove  beyond  a  doubt  that  such  anecdotes 

a  e  not  exaggerated     Truth  should  be  the  standard  of 

repution  ^'"  "^  ""'"^  ''''^''  ^^°  ^^'"^^  ^is 

Some  years  ago  the  Shawano  Indians  being  obliged  to 
remove  from  their  habitations,  in  their  way  took  a  Mu 
kchge  warrior,  known  by  the  name  of  old  Scrany,  prisoner- 
hey  bastmadoed  him  severely,  and  condemned  him  to 
he  fiery  torture.  He  underwent  a  great  deal  without 
shewmg  any  concern;  his  countenance  and  behaviour 
were  as  if  he  sufiFered  not  the  least  pain.    He  told  his 


1768-1783]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Traiels  1 09 

persecutors  with  a  bold  voice,  that  he  was  a  warrior;  that 
he  had  gained  most  of  his  martial  reputation  at  the  cx- 
pence  of  their  nation,  and  was  desirous  of  shewing  them, 
in  the  act  of  dying,  that  lie  was  still  as  much  their  supe- 
rior, as  when  he  headed  lis  gallant  countrymen  against 
them:  that  although  he  hud  fallen  into  their  hands,  and 
forfeited  the  protection  of  the  divine  power  by  some  im- 
puiity  or  other,  when  carying  the  holy  ark  of  war  against 
his  devoted  enemies,  yet  he  had  so  much  remaining  virtue 
as  would  enable  him  to  punish  himself  more  exquisitely 
than  all  their  despicable  ignorant  crowd  possibly  could; 
and  that  he  would  do  so,  if  they  gave  him  liberty  by  unty- 
ing him,  and  handing  him  one  of  the  red  hot  gun-barrels 
out  of  the  fire.    The  proposal,  and  his  method  of  address, 
appeared  so  exceedingly  bold  and  uncommon,  that  his 
request  was  granted.    Then  suddenly  seizing  one  end  of 
the  red  hot  barrel,  and  brandishing  it  from  side  to  side 
he  forced  his  way  through  the  armed  and  lurprised  multi- 
tude, lea  -d  down  a  prodigious  steep  and  high  bank  into  a 
branch  of  the  river,  dived  through  it,  ran  over  a  small 
island,  and  passed  the  other  branch,  amidst  a  shower  of 
bullets;  and  though  numbers  of  his  enemies  were  in  close 
pursuit  of  him,  he  got  into  a  bramble  swamp,  [73]  through 
which,  though  naked  and  in  a  mangled  condition,  he 
reached  his  own  country. 

The  Shawano  Indians  also  captured  a  warrior  of  the 
Anantoocah  nation,  and  put  him  to  the  stake,  according 
to  their  usual  cruel  .solemnities:  having  unconcernedly 
suffered  much  torture,  he  told  them,  with  scorn,  they  did 
not  know  how  to  punish  a  noted  enemy;  therefore  he  was 
wUHng  to  teach  tliem,  an-l  would  confirm  the  truth  of  his 
assertion  if  they  allowed  him  the  opportunity.  Accord- 
ingly he  requested  of  them  a  pipe  and  some  tobacco,  which 


I 
1  = 


It 


II, 

i; 


^■|f^ 


l:|' 


l>!: 


I 


,-      '^l 


!■ 


I 


liJl 

'l 


:l 


I 


h 


P^i 


'  ''#  > 


J I 


no 


______^f^^fyjfj^rn  Travels 


[Vol.  a 

Zl^r'^'^r'  ''  '^'V'  ''^  ^^^  ''«^'^^  '''  he  sat  down. 

were  whhin  hr'-^l  "''^  ?'"'"''  ^"""'"«  ^^^chcs,  tha 
were  w.thm  his  circle,  and  continued  smoking  his  Dine 
w  thout  the  least  discomposure:  on  this  a  head  \^^S 
leaped  up,  and  said,  the     _w  plain  enough  that  he  wa  a 
v.amor,  and  not  afraid  of  dying,  nor  should  he  Lve  d  ^ 
only    hat  he  was  both  siK,iled  by  the  fire,  and  devoted 
to  U  by  their  laws;  however,  though  he  was  a  very  dtn 
gerous  enemy,  and  his  nation  a  treacherous  pele^t 
should  be  seen  that  they  paid  a  regard  to  brlerjf  e;en 
m  one  who  was  marked  with  war  streaks  at  the  cost  o" 
many  of  the  hves  of  their  beloved  kindred;  and   hen   by 

pu  an  end  to  all  his  pams.    Though  the  merciful  but 

t^rblow'^r '"'  ""  "^'^  -'"^  -^"^-  b^fo"    gav 
r^L  r  ^.  ^  ""^^  "''"^^'  '^'  'P'^'^'ors  could  no  per 
ceive  the  sufferer  to  change  either  his  posture  or  his^ead 
ness  of  countenance  in  the  least 

cou'JS'lhardfeldll"''."'  "  "^"^  ^^^"^«°-  >«  -ther 
courted  than  dreaded,  and  particularly  at  an  advanced 

period  o  life  when  they  [74]  have  not  strength  or  activi^ 
o  hunt:  the  father  then  solicits  to  change  hifclima'e  and 
the  son  cheerfully  acts  the  nart  nf  a«  1-   "'"^'^'  ^"^ 

a  npr.-^  *   u-  P      °^  ^"  executioner,  puttine 

a  period  to  his  parent's  existence  P""ing 

fa^r"^  '^'  T^'"^  Chippeways,  when  the  father  of  a 
InH  V  T.'"i:'^"^^^"t  t°  comply  with  the  usual  cu  tom 
and  5-'  ^t-i^^"'"'  burdensome  to  himself  and  friend^' 
kt  Av.'^^'l"  '''  °^^'«"^  ^°  '"^i^tain  him  v^i  h  the 
dtt/.  £"'  ^'"^''  ^'^^  P^°P°^^  ^°  hi'"  the  alternative 
either  to  be  put  on  shore  on  some  island,  with  a  smiu' 
canoe  and  paddles,  bows  and  arrows,  a^d  a  iwHo 
dnnk  out  of.  and  there  run  the  risk  of  starvL  I  to 
suffer  death  according  to  the  laws  of  the  nation,  mtf^ 


1 1 1 


lov.ited,      (\  hunt 

wy  then  sm.    e  the 

thc\  also       z  the 

'oo  ko  citu  coi  Hn- 
dgfy  ktf  :  urgeKume 


1 768- 1 78?]     y.  Long's  l^oya^fs  and  Tra-x 

As  there  arc  few  instances  where  the  latter  is  not  preferred 

I  shall  relate  the  ceremony  practised  on  such  -n  occasion' 

A  sweating  house  is  prepared  in  the  sam.    form  as  at 

the  ceremony  of  adoption,  and  whilst  the  j,ers.jn  is  under 

this  preparatory  trial,  the  family  are  rejoicing  that  the 

Master  of  Life  has  communicated  to  them  the  knowledRe 

of  disposing  of  the  aged  and  infir-    .nd  scndin-  them  to 

a  better  country,  where  they  wi' 

again  with  all  the  vigour  of  youi 

pipe  of  peace,  and  have  their  doj 

grand  medicine  song,  as  follov/s 

"IFo  haguamissey  Kitchee  .h 
nornishmnorbay  ojey  kee  candan  h  „^.^  «, ,  ...rgewone 
ntshmnorbay  mornooch  kee  tarp,  «  noo  v  k^-en  aifkf  r 
O,  u'Pendan  nishinnorbay,  m-rwch  t  -.-u-a^th  -weem 
ojey  mtshcoot  pockcan  tunnockay.  —  x  ist,  r  of 
Life  gives  courage.  It  is  true  *I1  India  r-  kno  that  he 
loves  us,  and  [75]  we  now  give  ■  ur  father  ..  him.  that  he 
may  find  himself  young  in  am^ijier  cmnxry.  ami  Vje  able 

The  songs  and  dances  ar.  newt. '.  »^  J  eldest  son 
gives  his  father  the  death-st,  -ke  with  a  omuhaw.  they 
then  take  the  body,  which  they  paint  .  t  manner 

and  bury  it  with  the  war  weapons,  m-  ,  bark  hut 
to  cover  the  grave,  to  prevent  the  wiM  &,,.,  ,  from  dis- 
turbing it. 

Thus  do  the  unenlightened  part  of  m.  iikind  as^^^  me  a 
privilege  of  depriving  each  other  of  life,  when  it  c  .n  no 
longer  bt  supported  by  the  labour  of  their  own  han  and 
think  It  a  duty  to  put  a  period  to  the  exiMonce  of  those  to 
whom  thej  are  mdcbted  for  their  own,  and  employ  those 
arms  to  give  the  fatal  stroke,  which,  in  n  ore  civilized  coun- 
tries, would  ijave  been  exerted  for  their  support. 


.m 


'I  > 


f  I 


iia 


Ear/y  IVestem  Traveis  jvol.  a 


I  remamed  w|th  Mr.  Shaw  untU  the  return  of  his  men. 
and  took  an  Indian  slay,  loaded  with  wild  rice  and  dried 
meat  and  two  of  his  Canadians  to  a^ist  me.    In  my  wav 
I  called  at  the  place  where  I  left  the  Indians  who  com 
municated  to  m.  the  first  account  of  the  tumult  at  Mr 
Shaw  s  but  they  were  gone.    My  Indian  and  his  wife 
waited  for  me,  and  were  rejoiced  to  see  me  again     On 
my  return  to  Lac  la  Mort,  I  found  all  my  men  in  good 
health  and  r  .nts,  having  been  well  supplied  with  pro- 
visions by    ,e  Savages,  during  my  absence,  and  had  in- 
creased my  stock  of  peltry  by  barter.     Mr.  Shaw's  men 
rested  at  my  house  one  night,  and  the  next  morning  set  of! 
for  Manontoye. 


n 


t 


[76]  Indian  Manner  of  ^oinn  to  War,  Ss'c. 
Lake  Manontoyc,  where  Mr.  Shaw  wintered,  is  not 
so  larKL-  as  Lac  Eturneon:  it  abounds  with  excellent  fish 
and  wild  fowl;  and  oats,  ri, .-,  and  cranlx-rries,  grow 
spontaneously  in  the  swamps.  There  arc  very  few 
i-slands  on  it.  There  are  about  three  hundred  of  the 
Chippcway  nation  who  resort  to  it;  they  arc  very  wild, 
and  delight  in  war,  which  they  sometimes  wage  against 
the  Sioux,  on  the  Mi.ssissippi;  and  they  are  frequently 
absent  from  their  famUies  fifteen  months,  scarce  ever  re- 
turning without  a  prisoner  or  a  scalp.'' 

It  is  very  strange  that  the  thirst  of  blood  should  stimu- 
late the  human  mind  to  traverse  such  an  amazing  extent 
of  country,  suffering  inexpressible  hardships,  and  uncer- 
tam  of  success,  to  gratify  a  passion,  which  none  but  an 
mfernal   spirit   could    suggest;   and   when   success   has 
crowned   his  labours,  that  he  should  return  wiih  incon- 
ceivable satisfaction,  and  relate  the  transactions  of  his 
journey,  with  the  greatest  exultation,  smUing  at  the  rela- 
tion of  agonies  which  he  alone  occasioned.    The  most 
dreadful  acts  of  a  maniac  cannot  exceed  such  cruelty: 
happy  those,  who  enjoy  the  benefits  of  society,  whose 
civUization,   and   whose  laws  protect  them   from   such 
detestable  outrages. 

Previoi  to  their  going  to  war,  the  head  chief  calls  a 
councU,  and  each  chief  has  a  belt  of  wampum,  and  a  war 
pipe:  the  belt  to  remind  [77]  them  of  former  transactions 
relative  to  the  nation  they  intend  to  commence  hostUities 
agamst,  and  the  pipe  to  smo.  e  at  the  council  fire.     When 

"  For  the  hereditary  enmity  between  the  Chippewas  and  the  Sioux,  and  the 
part.cukrly  fierce  encounters  of  this  period,  see  Warren,  "History  of  the  Oiib- 
ways,    inJI/.n«rwto/rwtorj<ra;Co/fc<:/»w.j,v,pp.7,.9j,„,.,4,_ED 


.■!»■' 
<  I 

m 


■  r . 


I 


i   !< 


T 


ill 

m!'|I 


t ,( 


\y  \ 


\)y 


I 


1.': 


114 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


they  have  determined  to  make  war,  they  send  the  belts  and 
pipes  to  their  enemies;  and  if  a  similar  compliment  is  re- 
turned, they  instantly  prepare  for  blood,  with  the  most 
steady  and  determined  resolution. 

The  novel  of  Emily  Montague  affords  a  striking  ex- 
ample of  this  strong  propensity  for  blood,  which  I  shall 
relate  in  the  author's  own  words. 

"A  Jesuit  missionary  told  me  a  story  on  this  subject, 
which  one  cannot  hear  without  horror.  An  Indian 
woman  with  whom  he  lived  on  his  mission,  was  feeding 
her  children,  when  her  husband  brought  in  an  English 
prisoner;  she  immediately  cut  off  his  arm,  and  gave  her 
children  the  streaming  blood  to  drink.  The  Jesuit  re- 
monstrated on  the  cruelty  of  the  action;  on  which,  look- 
ing sternly  at  him  —  I  would  have  them  warriors,  said 
she,  and  therefore  feed  them  with  the  food  of  men." 

When  I  was  at  Cataraqui,  the  capital  of  the  Loyalist 
settlements  in  Canada,  a  party  of  Mohawks  and  Mes- 
sesawgers  accidentally  met,  and  having  bartered  their 
skins  and  peltry  with  the  traders,  sat  themselves  down  to 
drink  the  rum  their  merchandize  had  produced.  As  the 
liquor  began  to  operate,  their  imaginations  suggested  to 
them  that  they  were  of  different  nations,  and  as  the 
Mohawks  always  claimed  a  superiority,  intoxication 
made  them  proud:  at  last  a  dispute  arose,  and  a  Mes- 
sesawger  Indian  was  killed,  and  his  heart  taken  out, 
which  the  [78]  Mohawks  intended  to  have  broiled,  but 
they  were  prevented  by  a  gentleman  who  accidentally 
passed  by  their  hut,  and  prevailed  upon  them  to  give  it  up. 
It  seems  to  be  the  constant  attention  both  of  the  male 
and  female  pt^rt  of  the  Indians  to  instil  ideas  of  heroism 
into  the  minds  of  the  rising  generation,  and  these  im- 
pressions they  carry  far  beyond  the  line  of  reason  or  of 


1 


I 

i 


1 768-1 782]     y.  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels  i  15 


justice.  Is  it  then  surprising  that  every  action  of  their 
lives  should  tend  to  satisfy  their  thirst  for  revenging 
offences  committed  against  them,  and  that  these  senti- 
ments should  operate  so  powerfully  in  directing  their 
future  conduct?  There  is,  nevertheless,  one  exception 
to  these  observations  —  their  conduct  to  traders,  who  are 
obliged  on  some  occasions,  when  intoxication  runs  high, 
to  beat  them  very  soundly; — to  their  credit,  in  these 
instances,  I  must  confess  I  never  knew  them  to  resent  this 
severity  when  sober.  The  only  remark  they  have  made 
has  been  — ' '  Friend,  you  beat  me  very  severely  last  night 
—  but  I  do  not  mind,  I  suppose  I  deserved  it  —  it  was 
the  liquor  made  me  offend."  Or  if  they  betray  any  dis- 
satisfaction, one  glass  of  rum  will  reconcile  all  differences. 
With  regard  to  severity  when  they  are  perfectly^  sober,  I 
am  convinced  it  would  be  highly  dangerous,  and  should 
be  cautiously  avoided. 

But  although  they  often  express  these  blood-thirsty 
sentiments,  and  too  frequently  put  them  in  execution, 
yet  there  are  occasions  when  they  exercise  both  temper 
and  reason. 

When  I  was  at  Pimistiscotyan  Landing,  on  Lake 
Ontario,  I  had  a  large  dog,  to  protect  myself  and  prop- 
erty; an  Indian  came  in  rather  [79]  in  liquor  to  ask  for 
rum,  and  probably  might  strike  the  animal;  the  dog  in- 
stantly seized  him  by  the  calf  of  the  leg,  and  wounded 
him  dreadfully.  He  returned  to  his  hut,  and  made  no 
complaint  till  the  next  morning,  when  he  desired  to  speak 
with  me:  I  went  to  him,  and  he  told  me  how  the  dog  had 
used  him,  saying,  he  hoped  I  would  give  him  a  pair  of 
leggons,  to  supply  those  which  the  dog  had  torn ;  but  that 
with  regard  to  his  leg,  he  did  not  trouble  himself  much 
about  that,  as  he  knew  it  would  soon  be  well.    I  imme- 


m 


'I 


m 


I'M 


!i 


I  it 


!.| 


>      I  !i 


1 1 


Ml 


ii6 


iStfr/y  IVestern  Travels 


[Vol.  2 

diately  granted  his  request,  and  added  a  bottle  of  rum 
with  which  he  seemed  well  pleased,  and  I  heard  no  more 
of  It. 

But  to  return  to  the  subject  of  going  to  war  The 
women  and  children  sometimes  go  forward  in  their  canoes 
smging  the  war  songs,  and  encamp  every  evenin  un- 
set, having  a  great  dislike  to  travelling  in  x 
Forty-eight  young  warriors  are  placed,  in  four  isions 
to  keep  guard  at  night,  armed  with  guns,  bows  and  arrows' 
and  some  scott^  wigwas,  or  fire  bark,  to  light  in  case  of 
sudden  surprise. 

This  bark  is  taken  from  the  birch  tree,  and  being  prop- 
erly dried  is  used  by  the  Indians  to  light  them  to  spear 
fish:  It  is  fixed  on  a  stick  about  seven  feet  long,  and  either 
put  at  the  head  of  the  canoe,  or  carried  by  the  person  who 
attends  upon  the  man  that  spears,  and  whose  business  it  is 
also  to  steer  the  canoe. 

At  day  break  the  Indians  depart,  and  pursue  their 
journey  regardless  of  the  weather,  tUl  they  arrive  in  the 
enemy's  country,  when  the  utmost  precaution  is  adopted 
that  It  is  possible  for  human  invention  to  suggest. 

[80]  When  war  is  made  against  the  Mississij^i-  Indians 
they  endeavour  to  kiU  the  men  and  women,  and  bring 
away  the  children  to  dispose  of  to  the  traders,  who  send 
them  down  to  Montreal  for  serva.  ts.  The  boys  are  not 
so  much  to  be  depended  upon  as  the  girls,  being  more 
stubborn,  and  naturally  disdaining  the  idea  of  slavery 
they  are  also  full  of  pride  and  resentment,  and  wUl  not 
hesitate  to  kUl  their  masters  in  order  to  gratify  their 
revenge  for  a  supposed  injury.  The  girls  are  more  docUe, 
and  assimilate  much  sooner  with  the  manners  of  civili- 
zation. Being  unaccustomed  to  domestic  life,  they  are 
at  first  sick  and  unhealthy;  but  the  change  soon  becomes 


^f 


I 


i 


u 


1 768-1 782]     ^r.  /,Q;y^'j  Toyggfj  and  Travels  1 1 7 

familiar  to  them,  and  they  then  prefer  it  to  the  unculti- 
vated manner  of  living  in  which  they  were  brought  up." 

A  few  days  after  my  return  to  Lac  la  Mort,  a  band  of 
Savages  arrived  from  the  Red  Lake,  called  by  the  In- 
dians, Misqui  Sakiegan,  and  some  from  Lake  Shabee- 
chevan,  or  the  Weed  Lake,  about  five  days  march  beyond 
Lake  Manontoye.    Red  Lake  is  so  called  on  account 
of  a  remarkable  circumstance  which  happened  to  two 
famous  warriors  of  the  Chippeway  nation,  who  were 
hunting  by  the  lake  side,  and  as  they  were  looking  out 
for  game,  perceived  at  some  distance  an  enormous  beast, 
that  appeared  much  larger  than  any  animal  they  had  ever 
seen;  his  pace  was  slow  and  heavy,  and  he  kept  constanUy 
by  the  water  side.    They  followed  him  as  close  as  they 
thought  prudent,  determined  at  all  hazards  to  use  their 
best  endeavours  to  kill  him.    As  they  approached,  they 
had  a  clearer  view,  and  discovered  that  his  body  was 
covered  with  something  like  moss;  this  increased  their 
surprise,  and  after  consulting  together,  they  continued 
advancing  towards  the  beast,  and  fired  large  shot,  with- 
out  appearing   to   make   any   impression.    They   [81] 
fired  again  with  as  little  effect  as  before;  then  retreated 
some  distance,  sat  down  and  sung  their  war  songs,  ad- 
dressing themselves  to  the  Master  of  Life,  and  desiring 
his  assistance  to  enable  them  to  conquer  it,  as  they  be- 
lieved it  to  be  the  Matchee  Mannitoo,  or  bad  spirit,  in  the 
shape  of  this  monster.    They  then  got  up  and  pursued 
him^both  firing  at  the  same  time:  the  shot  proved  suc- 

"  Indian  slavery  among  the  French  was  first  practiced  in  the  IlUnois  country, 
and  (,709)  was  authorized  by  edict  for  Canada.  Slavery  was  aboUshed  for 
Upper  Canada  in  1793;  and  by  1800  had  ceased  in  Lower  Canada.  See  Lafon- 
Tl'  I'^'^^'^^T  '"  Canada."  Montreal  Historical  Society  Proceedings. 
1858;  Canadian  Institute  Transactions.  1889-90  (Toronto,  ,89.);  and  Pro- 
ceedtngs.  1897,  p.  19.—  Ed. 


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Earfy  IVestem  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


cessful,  and  caused  the  animal  to  turn  round,  which  in- 
duced them  to  keep  up  their  fire  tUl  the  beast  jumped  into 
the  water,  and  they  lost  sight  of  him.  From  the  circum- 
stance of  his  blood  dyeing  the  water  red,  this  lake  has  ever 
since  been  called  the  Red  Lake. 

Fish  is  caught  here  in  great  abundance,  and  wild  rice 
grows  in  very  great  plenty  in  the  swamps.  The  country 
likewise  abounds  with  all  sorts  of  animals  for  hunting. 
There  are  several  rivers  and  falls  of  water  on  the  north- 
west part.  The  Indians  are  very  fond  of  fishing  and 
hunting  here  during  the  winter  season,  as  they  are  gene- 
rally very  successful  even  in  the  most  severe  weather. 
From  Red  Lake  to  Lake  le  Sel,  or  Salt  Lake,  by  the  In- 
dian accounts,  there  are  fourteen  short  portages,  and 
twenty-two  creeks.  Lake  le  Sel  is  very  small,  and  the 
water  shallow  and  muddy.  It  does  not  exceed  three  mUes 
iri  length.  There  are  few  fish  except  eels,  cat  fish,  and 
pike;  but  it  abounds  with  musquashes  and  wild  fowl. 
From  this  lake  to  Lake  Caribou,  or  Rein-deer  Lake,  is 
eight  days  march  across  five  creeks  and  three  portages. 

Lake  Caribou,  or,  in  the  Indian  language,  Ateeque,  is 
about  thirty  miles  long,  with  several  small  islands,  resem- 
bling the  Mille  Isles,  in  the  River  St.  Laurence,  above  Mon- 
treal. The  water  is  deep  and  clear,  [82]  and  the  bottom 
hard.  It  abounds  with  large  trout,  white  fish,  pickerill, 
pike,  and  sturgeon.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  chain  of  high 
mountains.  Some  years  ago  a  French  trader  settled  here, 
but  of  late  it  has  been  deserted.  The  Indians  reckon  it 
ten  days  march  to  Lake  Schabeechevan,  across  thirteen 
portages,  and  as  many  creeks;  but  as  I  wintered  here  the 
following  year,  though  I  went  to  it  by  a  different  t-ack,  I 
shall  not  describe  it  1 11  I  give  an  account  of  the  occur- 
rences  of   that   time.    From   Lake   Schabeechevan   to 


'a 


■a 


1768-1782]     y.  Z,o«^*j  Voyages  and  Travels  1 19 

Lake  Arbitibis  are  three  small  lakes,  eight  creeks,  and 
five  portages.    Lake  Arbitibis  is  very  large,  and  the  sur- 
rounding land  rocky  and  mountainous.    This  Lake  fur- 
nishes the  Indians  with  fish  and  wild  fowl.    The  aquatic 
race  abound  in  this  part  of  the  world,  doubtless  so  ap- 
pointed for  the  support  of  the  numerous  tribes  of  Savages, 
who  are  obliged  to  resort  to  the  lakes  for  food.    At  the 
northern  extremity  of  this  Lake  is  a  large  fall  of  water, 
which  flows  from  a  river  whose  current  is  rapid  for  about 
twenty  miles.    On  this  river  there  are  also  dangerous 
rapids;  the  land  upon  its  banks  is  low,  and  the  beach 
sandy.    From    Lake   Arbitibis    to    Crow's-nest    Lake, 
called  by  the  Indians,  Cark  Cark  Sakiegan,  is  a  short  dis- 
tance.   The  utmost  circumference  of  Crow's-nest  Lake 
-arcely  exceeds  two  leagues,  and  is  only  remarkable  for  a 
mall  island  in  the  middle,  with  about  forty  high  palm 
trees,  where  the  crows  build  their  nests,  which  is  called 
Cark  Cark  Minnesey.    The  fish  in  this  Lake  are  very  in- 
different, being  mostly  of  the  sword-fish  kind,  which  the 
Indians  seldom  eat.    From  this  Lake  is  a  long  portage, 
and  about  half  way  a  high  mountain.    At  the  end  of  the 
carrying  place  is  a  river  called  Cark  Cark  Seepi,  or  Crows' 
River,  which  runs  with  a  strong  current  for  about  thirty 
mUes,  from  Neeshshemaince  Sakiegan,  or  the  Lake  of 
the  Two  Sisters;  so  called  from  the  meeting  of  two  cur- 
rents, which  form  one  grand  discharge  into  [83]  the 
lake.    The  Hudson's  Bay  Indians  hunt  here  with  great 
success.     At  the  end  is  a  carrying  place  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  long,  that  leads  to  a  remarkably  narrow  river, 
which  runs  with  a  strong  currei  t  for  about  fifty  leagues': 
the  land  on  each  side  being  very  high,  makes  the  naviga- 
tion dark.    The  Indians  in  going  up  this  river  travel  as 
light  as  possible,  to  enable  them  to  combat  the  srong  cur- 


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£<7r/v  tVestern  Travels 


[Vol.  a 


rent.    The  Hudson's  Bay  Company  are  supplied  with  a 
considerable  quantity  of  peltry  from  this  river. 

As  the  description  of  this  country,  hitherto  so  little  ex- 
plored, is  a  principal  part  of  what  I  intended  in  this  pub- 
lication, I  have  descril)cd  it  either  from  my  own  knowl- 
edge, or  the  most  authentic  information  I  was  able  to  pro- 
cure from  the  Savages.  In  this  respect  I  have  followed 
Carver,  who  on  his  arrival  at  the  grand  portage,  met  a  large 
party  of  Killistinoe  and  Assinipoil  Indians,  from  whom 
he  received  accounts  of  several  lakes  and  rivers,  which 
he  describes  agreeable  to  the  information  he  obtained. 

It  is  necessary  to  observe,  that  though  the  Indians  are 
very  expert  in  delineating  countries  upon  bark,  with 
wood  coal  mixed  with  bears'  grease,  and  which  even  the 
women  do  with  great  precision,  the  length  of  a  day's 
march  is  very  uncertain,  and  consequently  cannot  afford 
any  geographical  information.    This  remark,   I   trust, 
will  be  found  to  want  no  farther  proof  than  the  considera- 
tion that  their  drafts  consist  principally  of  lakes  and  rivers, 
as  they  seldom  travel  much  by  land;  and  when  their  track 
over  land  is  described,  it  is  perhaps  only  a  short  portage 
which  they  cross,  in  order  again  to  pursue  their  journey  on 
their  favourite  element.    But  as  few  persons  will  probably 
read  this  account  [84]  with  a  view  of  going  into  this 
country,  the  description  I  have  been  able  to  give  will  be 
sufficient  for  the  generality  of  my  readers.    I  lament 
exceedingly  my  inability  to  make  this  work  more  perfect, 
but  trust  that  it  will  be  found  highly  useful  to  those  whose 
avocations  may  induce  them  to  have  recourse  to  it  for 
information  and  guidance  in  commercial  pursuits.    If 
an  Indian  goes  with  the  stream,  or  against  it,  from  sun- 
rise to  sun-set,  it  is  called  a  day's  march.    This  uncertain- 
ty makes  it  very  difficult  for  any  one  who  travels  as  a 


cS 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  \  2 1 

trader  to  ascertain  any  thing  more  than  the  Indian  dis- 
tance from  one  lake  to  another.  *  As  Mr.  Carver,  in  his 
map,  says  that  the  branches  which  run  from  Riviere  St. 
Louis,  at  the  end  of  West  Bay,  in  Lake  Superior,  are  but 
little  known,  I  can  with  equal  propriety  observe  that 
those  from  Lake  Alemipigon,  or  Nipegon,  both  east  and 
west,  are  very  difficult  to  describe  geographically.  The 
known  candour  of  my  countrymen,  will,  I  am  persuaded, 
pardon  any  errors  of  this  sort,  as  I  can  assure  them  I  have 
exerted  my  best  endeavours  to  render  the  description  of 
places,  with  respect  to  distances  and  situation,  as  clear 
as  possible,  w'  ich  the  chart  I  hope  will  more  fully  ex- 
plain." 

"In  the  language  of  James  Bain,  Jr.,  Ubrarian  of  the  Toronto  Public  Li- 
brary, "Long  is  the  most  indefinite  of  travellers,  and  EngUsh  names  of  lakes 
and  rivers  unstable."  It  seems  an  almost  hopelt^  task  to  localize  several  of 
his  geographical  names  by  the  aid  of  modem  maps.  As  a  matter  of  fact  this 
part  of  Northwestern  OnUrio  from  Lake  Nipigon  to  Lake  Abittibi  is  still 
almost  terra  incognita.  For  the  best  current  maps  and  descriptions,  see  Cana- 
dian Department  of  the  Interior  Report,  1890,  part  v;  also  Onurio  Bureau  of 
Mines  Report,  1900. —  Ed. 


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[85]  Further  Transactions  with  the  Indians;  their  Super- 
stition, Jealousy,  firr. 

Having  given  an  account  of  the  different  lakes, 
rivers,  &c.  from  Lac  la  Mort,  I  shall  continue  the  narra- 
tive from  my  return  from  Lake  Manontoye,  where  I 
relieved  Mr.  Shaw. 

A  few  days  after,  another  band  of  Savages  arrived  with 
skins,  furs,  and  some  provisions;  they  stayed  with  me  two 
days,  making  merry  with  what  rum  I  could  spare  them, 
without  doing  any  mischief,  and  departed  at  last  very 
peaceally.    On  the  twenty-third  of  February  another 
band  came  in,  consisting  of  about  eighty,  men,  women, 
and  children,   who   brought  dried   meats,   oats,   bears' 
grease,  and  eight  packs  of  beaver,  which  I  purchased, 
giving  them  rum,  as  usual,  with  which  they  got  intoxi- 
cated.   In  this  frolic  one  woman  was  killed,  and  a  boy 
terribly  burnt.    On  the  third  day  they  departed,  well 
pleased  with  their  reception,  leaving  us  plenty  of  pro- 
visions.   The  weather  being  more  moderate,  I  sent  my 
men  to  the  lake  to  look  after  the  nets,  which  had  been  under 
the  ice  a  considerable  time,  the  severity  of  the  season  not 
having  allowed  us  to  examine  them  for  near  a  month, 
when,  to  our  great  mortification  they  were  found  almost 
rotten,  and  not  a  single  fish;  k    as  one  of  the  Canadians 
could  make   nets  as   well   as  myself,  we  repaired  the 
damage;  and  caught  plenty  of  fish  to  support  us  tUl 
April. 

The  severity  of  the  season  was  sensibly  felt  by  Mr. 
James  Clark,  belonging  to  the  same  company,  who  had 
five  men  starved  at  Lake  Savan,  [86]  a  bad  lake  for  fish, 
about  three  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  my  wintering 


3 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  \  23 

ground;"  the  Indians  bcinR  obliged  to  hunt  so  far  hack 
in  the  Aoods  that  they  could  not  give  him  any  assistance; 
and  from  the  concurrent  accounts  of  the  traders  in  the 
north-west,  as  well  as  from  the  Savages  who  resorted  to 
my  house,  it  was  the  hardest  winter  they  ever  remem- 
bered. 

About  this  time  a  large  band  of  Chippeways  arrived, 
traded  with  me  for  their  hunt,  and  finished  their  frolic 
in  a  peaceable  manner.  While  this  band  was  with  me, 
a  curious  circumstance  occurred,  which  I  shall  relate. 

One  part  of  the  religious  superstition  of  the  Savages, 
consists  in  each  of  them  having  his  totam,  or  favorite 
spirit,  which  he  believes  watches  over  him.  This  totam 
they  conceive  assumes  the  shape  of  some  beast  or  other, 
and  therefore  they  never  kill,  hunt,  or  eat  the  animal 
whose  form  they  think  this  toium  hears. 

The  evening  previous  to  the  departure  of  the  band,  one 
of  them,  whose  totam  was  a  bear,  dreamed  that  if  he 
would  go  to  a  piece  of  swampy  g'-ound,  at  the  foot  of  a 
high  mountain,  about  five  days  march  from  my  wigwaum, 
he  would  see  a  large  herd  of  elks,  moose,  and  other  ani- 
mals; but  that  he  must  be  accompanied  by  at  least  ten 
good  hunters.  When  he  awoke  he  acquamted  the  band 
with  his  dream,  and  desired  them  to  go  with  him:  they 
all  refused,  saying  it  was  out  of  their  way,  and  that  their 
hunting  grounds  were  nearer.  The  Indian  having  a  super- 
stitious reverence  for  his  dream  (which  ignorance,  and 
the  prevalence  of  example  among  the  Savages,  carries  to  a 
great  height),  thinking  himself  [87]  obliged  to  do  so,  as 
his  companions  had  refused  to  go  with  him,  went  alone, 

"  Lake  Savanne  lies  northwe^  '  » ,ake  Nipigon,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Albany 
River.  A  brief  account  of  a  voyage  hither  is  given  by  Duncan  Cameron,  in 
Masson,  Bourgeais,  ii,  p.  271.  Cameron  a!so  says  that  four  out  of  eight  traders 
starved  there  in  one  year  (ibid.,  p.  342). —  Ed. 


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Early  f^'f stern  Travels 


(Vol.  a 


and  coming  near  the  spot,  saw  the  animals  he  dreamed 
of;  he  instantly  fired,  and  killed  a  bear.    Shocked  at  the 
transaction,  and  dreading  tiie  displcnsure  of  the  Master  of 
Life,  whom  he  conceived  he  had  highly  offended,  he  fell 
down,  and  lay  senseless  for  some  time:  recovering  from 
his  state  of  insensibility,  he  got  up,  and  was  making  the 
best  of  his  way  to  my  house,  when  he  was  met  in  the  road 
by  another  large  bear,  who  pulled  him  down,  and  scratched 
his  face.    The  Indian  relating  this  event  at  his  return, 
added,  in  the  simplicity  of  his  nature,  that  the  bear 
asked  him  what  could  induce  him  to  kill  his  totam;  to 
which  he  replied,  that  he  did  not  know  he  was  among  the 
animals  when  he  fired  at  the  herd;  that  he  was  very  sorry 
for  the  misfortune,  and  hoped  he  would  have  pity  on 
him:  that  the  bear  suffered  him  to  depart,  told  him  to  be 
more  cautious  in  future,  and  acquaint  all  the  Indians 
with  the  circumstance,  that  Iheir  totams  might  be  safe, 
and  the  Master  of  Life  not  angry  with  them.    As  he  en- 
tered my  house,  he  looked  at  me  very  earnestly,  and 
pronounced    these   words;   ''Amik,    hunjey  /a   Kitchee 
Annascartissey  nin,  O  Tolarr.,  cavmicka  nee  wee  geossay 
sannegat  debwoye:"- or,  "Beaver,  my  faith  is  lost,  my 
totam  is  angry,  I  shall  never  be  able  to  hunt  any  more." 

This  idea  of  destiny,  or,  if  I  may  be  allowed  the  phrase, 
"tolamismr'*  however  strange,  is  not  confined  to  the 
Savages;  many  instances  might  be  adduced  from  history, 

••  Long  was  the  first  to  apply  the  word  ' '  totamism ' '  to  that  system  of  beUefs 
and  family  relationships,  now  recognized  as  the  basis  of  primitive  sodetv 
The  theory  of  clan  relationships,  as  expressed  by  totems,  was  first  developed 
by  M'Lennan  in  a  series  of  articles  publi  .hed  in  the  FortnighUy  Review,  1869-71 
On  the  general  theory,  see  Lang,  Myth,  Ritual,  and  Religion  (London,  1887), 
1,  pp.  58-81.  On  the  totemism  of  the  American  Indian  there  is  a  large  litera- 
ture. The  following  are  useful:  Schoolcraft,  Indian  Tribes  of  the  United 
Stales  (Philadelphia,  1851-57);  Brinton,  Myths  of  New  World  (Philadelphia,  :id 
ed.,  1896).—  Ed.  ^       '  0 


»L 


1 768- 1 78 j]     y.  Long's  Voyages  ami  Travels  i  25 


to  prove  how  strong  these  impressions  have  Ixrn  on  minds 
above  the  vulgar  and  unlearned.  To  instance  one,  in  the 
history  of  the  private  life  of  Louis  the  X\'.  translated  by 
Justamond,  among  some  particulars  of  the  life  of  the 
famous  Samuel  Bernard,  the  Jew  banker,  of  the  court  of 
France,  he  says,  that  he  was  suiK-rslitious  188]  as  the 
people  of  his  nation  arc,  and  had  a  black  hen,  to  which  he 
thought  his  destiny  was  attached;  he  had  the  greatest 
care  taken  of  her,  and  the  loss  of  this  fowl  was,  in  fact, 
the  period  of  his  own  existence,  in  January,  1 739. 

Dreams  are  particularly  attended  to  by  the  Indians, 
and  sometimes  they  make  an  artful  use  of  the  veneration 
that  is  paid  to  them,  by  which  they  carry  a  point  they 
have  in  view:  I  shall  relate  an  instance  for  the  satisfac- 
tion of  the  reader. 

Sir  William  Johnson,  sitting  in  council  with  a  party  of 
Mohawks,  the  head  chief  told  him,  he  had  dreamed  last 
night,  that  he  had  given  him  a  fine  laced  coat,  and  he 
believed  it  was  the  same  he  then  wore;  Sir  William 
smiled,  and  asked  the  chief  if  he  really  dreamed  it;  the 
Indian  immediately  answered  in  the  aflfirmative:  Well 
then,  says  Sir  William,  you  must  have  it;  and  instantly 
pulled  it  off,  and  desiring  the  chief  to  strip  himself,  put 
on  him  the  fine  coat.  The  Indian  was  highly  delighted, 
and  when  the  council  broke  up,  departed  in  great  good 
humour,  crying  out,  who-ah!  which  is  an  expression  of 
great  satisfaction  among  them. 

The  next  council  which  was  held,  Sir  Willia"i  told  the 
chief  that  he  was  not  accustomed  to  dream,  bi  .-^t  since 
he  met  him  at  the  council,  he  had  dreamed  a  very  sur 
prising  dream;  the  Indian  wished  to  know  it;  Sir  William, 
with  some  hesitation,  told  him  he  hdd  dreamed  that  he 
had  given  him  a  tract  of  land  on  the  Mohawk  River  to 


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126 


Ear/y  H'estem  Travels 


[Vol.  1 


build  a  house  on,  and  mako  a  settlement,  extending  about 

nine  miles  in  length  along  the  banks:  the  chief  smiled, 
and  looking  very  cheerfuliy  at  Sir  William,  [8y j  told  him,  if 
he  really  drcatrcd  it  he  should  have  it;  but  that  he  would 
never  dream  again  with  him,  for  he  had  only  got  a  laced 
coat,  whereas  Sir  William  was  now  entitled  to  a  large  bed, 

m  which  his  ancestors  had  frequently  slept.  Sir  U'il- 
liam  took  possession  of  the  land  by  virtue  of  an  Indian 
deed  signed  by  the  chiefs,  and  gave  them  some  rum  to 
finish  the  business."'  It  is  now  a  considerable  estate,  but 
since  the  war  the  Americans  have  deprived  him  of  it, 
with  all  the  buildings,  &c.  which  arc  very  valuable.  It 
lies  on  the  opposite  shore  to  the  German  Flats,  but  the 
land  is  by  no  means  equal  in  goodness  with  the  soil  there. 
Perhaps  no  part  of  America  produces  land  better  cal- 
culated for  cultivation  than  the  German  Flats. 

During  the  American  war,  the  best  Loyalist  troops  were 
collected  from  the  Mohawk  River,  and  it  was  agreed  on 
all  hands  that  for  steadiness,  bravery  and  allegiance, 
they  were  not  to  be  excelled.  Government  has  done  its 
utmost  to  reward  many  of  them  for  their  services,  by 
giving  them  land  in  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia;  and  to 
those  whom  poverty  obliged  to  solicit  them,  implements  of 
husbandry.  They  are  now  in  a  very  flourishing  state, 
and  there  is  no  doubt  but  they  will  prove  valuable  friends 
and  supporters  of  Great  Britain  on  any  future  emergency. 

During  the  severe  weather,  I  had  a  narrow  escape  from 
a  contrivance  of  the  Indian  who  was  occasionally  with  me, 
and  whom  I  employed  in  hunting,  and  making  marten 

"This  was  the  grant  made  to  Sir  WilUara  Johnson  in  1760,  of  sixty-six 
thousand  acres,  now  within  Little  Falls  Township  on  the  Mohawk  River. 
The  grant  was  confirmed  by  the  crown  in  1769,  and  Johnson  Hall,  a  large  portion 
of  which  is  still  standing,  was  built  thereupon.  Sec  vol.  i  of  this  series,  p.  88, 
note  48. —  Ed. 


i76S-i78a]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  127 


traps:  this  was  occasioned  by  jealousy,  on  accourt  of  his 
wife,  who  was  a  pretty  youn^  Squaw,  of  the  Rat  nation, 
and  whom  he  suspected  of  infidelity. 

[go]  Being  short  of  provisions,  and  having  only  one 
faithful  Canadian  in  the  house,  except  the  Indian  and  his 
wife,  I  desired  him  to  malce  a  number  of  marten  traps, 
and  set  them  in  two  different  roads,  called  a  fork.  Hav- 
ing finished  about  two  hundred,  and  set  them  in  the  woo<ls, 
baited  with  fish  heads,  which  these  animals  are  very 
fond  of,  he  returned,  and  I  gave  him  some  rum  for  his 
trouble.  Every  day,  for  a  considerable  time,  he  went 
regularly  to  examine  them,  and  when  successful,  was 
always  rewarded  to  his  satisfaction.  Having  been  unfor- 
tunate several  days,  I  charged  him  with  doing  other  busi- 
ness, instead  of  examining  the  traps,  to  which  he  made 
no  -eply.  I  communicated  my  suspicions  to  my  man, 
and  desired  him  to  watch  the  Savage.  The  next  day  the 
Canadian  discovered  him  in  the  woods  dressing  some 
partridges:"  when  he  returned  home  in  the  evening  he 
asked  for  rum,  which  I  refused,  telling  him  he  did  not 
deserve  any.  This  answer  displeased  him;  and  looking 
eamesdy  at  me,  he  replied,  that  I  did  not  use  him  well; 
for  though  he  had  been  unsuccessful  with  his  traps,  his 
trouble  was  the  same;  and  that  he  generally  found  them 
out  of  order,  which  obliged  him  to  set  them  right,  and 
employed  him  the  whole  day.  This  excuse  did  not  make 
any  alteration  in  my  conduct,  and  I  told  him  the  weather 
was  too  bad  to  get  at  any  rum.  He  then  began  to  imagine 
that  I  suspected  him,  and  knew  of  his  laziness,  and  im- 
mediately opened  his  mind,  telling  me  very  frankly  that 


"  Henry  liivs,  "In  North-America  there  is  no  partridge;  but  the  name  is 
given  to  mnii  than  one  s[)ecies  of  grouse."  This  was  probably  the  Canace  or 
Dendragapus  Canadensis,  black  or  spotted  grouse. 


ni- 


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Ed. 


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128 


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Ear/y  IVestern  Travels 


[Vol. 


>i 


he  was  jealous  of  me;  and  that  his  reason  for  not  going  to 
examine  the  mi^rten  traps,  was  to  prevent  any  communi- 
cation between  me  and  his  wife,  which,  had  he  been  far 
distant  fro-^  huiv.e,,  mJ-ht  have  been  easily  effected;  and 
for  this  n  ison.  be  kcp-  ,,ear  the  house  to  watch  her 
knowing  ti  at ,-  he  was  fo;  d  of  me;  but  that  if  I  would  give 
him  some  xun.,  tv,  Jrive  away  the  bad  spirit  from  his 
heart,  he  would  endeavour  to  forget  the  injury  I  had  done 
him. 

[91]  Judging  it  prudent  to  remove  his  suspicions    I 
gave  him  two  gallons  of  rum,  a  carrot  of  tobacco,  a  shirt 
a  pair  of  leggons,  a  scalping  knife,  &c.  and  several  arti- 
cles to  his  wife.    Having  received  the  presents,  he  called 
her  to  drmk  with  him,  and  thank  the  trader  with  a  cheer- 
ful heart  for  his  great  kindness.    When  they  were  a  little 
merry  he  began  to  sing,  and  I  heard  him  repeat  these 
words: ' ' Mornooch  Amik  kee  zargetoone  mentimoyamish;" 
or,  "I  do  not  care  though  the  Beaver  loves  my  wife" 
This  did  not  please  me,  as  I  knew  his  jealousy  would  in- 
crease m  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  liquor  he  drank. 
However,  I  used  the  utmost  precaution,  securing  his 
weapons  to  prevent  his  doing  me  any  injury.    His  wife 
hearmg  him  repeat  the  words  so  frequently,  began  to  be 
angry,  and  puUed  his  hair  and  scratched  his  face     I 
thought  this  a  favourable  opportunity  to  express  my  dis- 
like, and  told  him  he  was  a  fool  to  be  jealous;  that  I  gave 
him  the  rum  to  drive  away  the  bad  spirit,  but  it  had  a 
contrary  effect;  that  I  never  wanted  any  thing  of  his  wife 
but  to  make  or  mend  snow  shoes,  and  always  paid  her  for 
her  trouble     Yes,  cries  the  wife,  he  is  a  fool,  Beaver,  and 
1  will  beat  him;  which  she  instantly  did,  and  cut  his  head 
widi  a  glass  bottle.    I  then  interfered,  and  parted  them 
The  moment  I  was  gone,  he  began  the  old  song,  and 


.. 


1 768-1 782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


129 


continued  singing  till  he  was  sober;  when  getting  up,  he 
came  to  me  and  said,  ' '  Beaver,  I  have  seen  the  bad  spirit 
in  my  dream,  who  told  me  that  the  trader  had  robbed  me." 
Irritated  at  the  expression,  I  told  him  his  lips  never  spoke 
truth,  and  that  he  had  no  sense;  and  thinking  it  right  to 
suppress  this  humour,  beat  him  very  severely.     When  he 
had  recovered  his  reason,  he  said  to  mc    "Beaver,  you 
have  sense,  though  you  have  spotted  my  carcase."     I 
then  remonstrated  with  him  on  the  great  [92]  folly  of 
being  jealous;  but  he  was  sullen,  and  made  no  reply.     He 
then  called  his  wife,  but  she  being  asleep  did  not  hear  him ; 
he  called  a  second  time,  and  asked  for  his  gun,  toma- 
hawk, and  scalping  knife;  but  not  receiving  any  answer,  he 
was  very  angry,  and  said  to  me,  "Beaver,  I  will  throw 
away  my  body;"  to  which  I  did  not  think  it  prudent  to 
make  any  reply.    He  then  laid  himself  down  on  the  ground, 
and  called  his  wife  a  third  time.    She  came  to  him,  and 
observing  displeasure  in  his  countenance,  told  him  not 
to  be  angry  with  the  Beaver,  for  he  was  a  great  warrior, 
and  always  opened  his  heart  to  them.     He  ordered  her 
to  bring  him  a  bark  bowl  full  of  water,  and  set  it  down 
carefully   between   the  Beaver's  legs.     Whilst  she   was 
gone  for  the  water,  he  said  to  me,  ' '  Come  here,  Beaver, 
and  I  will  shew  you  that  I  have  nothing  sweet  on  my  lips, 
but  will  speak  the  truth.' '    The  wife  returned  and  placed 
the  bowl  of  water  as  her  husband  directed;  when  it  had 
stood  some  time  he  said,  ' '  Beaver,  put  your  finger  in  the 
water,  and  let  it  remain  till  I  tell  you  to  take  it  out."     I 
obeyed  him  with  the  utmost  cheerfulness,  and  in  a  few 
minutes,    by   his   desire,    withdrew   it.     He   then   said, 
' '  Beaver,  you  know  that  a  husband  is  so  called  because  he 
is  the  master  of  weakness,  and  for  that  reason  he  should 
protect  his  wife;  and  at  the  same  time,  you,  as  a  trader, 


^•M    '    . 


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130 


Early  Western  Travels 


■\i     \ 


,V 


[Vol. 


Should  not  injure  me:  but  that  I  may  not  accuse  you  un- 
just y,  I  will  try  you  by  my  own  thoughts.     Beaver,  look 
at  my  wife,  and  look  at  the  water,  and  tell  me  where  you 
put  your  finger;  if  you  cannot  tell,  you  have  certainly 
robbed  me."    I  then  put  in  my  finger  again,  and  pointed 
out  the  place     "No;"  said  he,  looking  earnestly  at  me 
and  his  wife,  "as  you  cannot  be  certain  t       it  is  the  exact 
place  where  you  first  put  in  your  fingei,    Jther  can  I  be 
certam  that  you  have  robbed  me;  though  I  as  much  be- 
lieve It,  as  you  do  that  the  place  you  pointed  out  was  the 
exact  spot.' '    I  [93]  confessed  myself  surprised  at  his  dis- 
belief; but  not  willing  to  incense  him,  I  told  him  I  was 
sorry  he  should  imagine  me  capable  of  such  wickedness 
as  to  be  guilty  of  injuring  him,  for  my  mind  was  as  calm 
as  the  water  m  an  undisturbed  state;  and  after  giving  him 
a  few  presents,  sent  them  away,  injoining  him  to  use  his 
wife  well,  as  she  was  perfectly  innocent.      As  they  de- 
parted, he  said  to  me  smiling,  "Beaver,  you  must  get 
somebody  else  to  look  after  your  marten  traps  ' ' 

Adultery  among  the  northern  Savages  is  generally  pun- 
ished in  a  cn-nmary  way  by  the  husbanc,  who  either  beats 
his  wift   .         ^everely,  or  bites  off  her  nose.     It  is  ex- 

rT^u""  .  .  "'  ^°'  ^  ^'^^^"^  *°  ^  suspected,  for  when 
the  husband  is  intoxicated,  his  jealousy  rises  into  mad- 
ness; and  revenge,  whether  the  party  suspected  be  inno- 
cent or  guilty,  is  continually  to  be  expected.  When  the 
mmd  of  an  Indian  is  once  affected,  his  passion  increases 
m  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  rum  which  he  drinks, 
though  he  has  the  art  to  conceal  it  when  he  is  sober  It 
is  the  baneful  effects  of  rum  which  puts  every  jealous 
thought  in  motion,  and  then  it  knows  no  bounds  tiU 
intoxication  completely  overpowers  him,  or  r-tumine 
sobriety  restores  his  lost  reason. 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


}V_ 

Early  in  the  month  of  April,  I  received  a  letter  from 
Monsieur  Jaques  Santeron  at  Lake  Schabeechevan    in 
the  same  employ  as  myself,  to  inform  me  that  he  was 
tired  of  being  a  servant,  and  thinking  his  labours  not 
sufficiently  rewarded,  had  determined  to  make  a  grand 
coup,  havmg  a  number  of  fine  packs  which  he  purposed 
seUing  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company:  that  he  should 
leave  his  wintering  ground  next  morning  with  four  birch 
canoes    and  would   write  fu'  ther  particulars  on   bark 
which  he  should  naU  against  one  of  the  crooked  trees  at 
the  foot  of  [94]  the  Grand  Rapid,  in  case  I  should  be  dis- 
posed to  come  that  way,  and  concluded  with  great  miete 
de  c(eur,  wishing  me  and  all  my  friends  very  well 

I  was  greatly  surprised  on  receiving  this  unpleasant  in- 
telligence, and  particularly  as  I  had  never  heard  of  his 
integrity  bemg  impeached  in  the  smallest  degree-  and  I 
was  disappointed,  as  I  expected  him  to  pass  my  wintering 
ground  on  his  return  to  Pays  Plat. 

Conceiving  it  my  duty  to  exert  my  best  endeavours  to 
prevent  the  loss  of  so  much  property  to  mv  employers,  I 
engaged  Kescmieek  the  chief,  and  twenty  Savages,  under 
promise  of  being  satisfied  for  their  trouble,  to  conduct  m' 
to  the  crooked  trees.     We  went  ofif  with  the  utmost  expe- 
dition, and  m  a  few  days  arrived  at  the  spot,  where  I  saw 
the  piece  of  bark,  as  he  described,  and  the  following  words 
written  with  charcoal,  ^< Adieu,  man  cher  ami,  je  prends 
man  depart  avec  courage,  et  f  attends  une  bonne  vente  pour 
ma  pelleterie.    De  ban  cceur  je  vous  souhaite  la  prosperity- 
fattes  mes  complimens  a  tons  mes  amis  -  au  revoir  molt 
Cher  companion y 

Having  perused  it,  and  explained  it  to  the  chief-  he 
said  he  was  a  bad  spirit,  and  that  as  he  had  been  gone 
six  days  before  our  arrival,  it  would  be  impossible  to  over- 


■|  . 


■( ; ' 


•.I' 


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1.32 


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Early  Western  Travels 


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__^^  [Vol.   2 

take  him,  as  he  could  not  be  far  from  the  entrance  of  the 
Aorth  River,  leading  to  Hudson's  Bay,  and  if  I  pursued 
him,  I  should  not  get  back  in  time  to  trade  with  the 
Indians  for  their  great  hunt.  VVe  therefore  returned,  after 
a  fruitless  expedition,  extremely  mortified  at  the  disap- 
pointment, as  I  was  very  sensible  he  would  never  return 
to  Canada,  to  make  satisfaction  to  his  employers 

[95]  Soon  after  my  return  the  grand  band  came  in  with 
all  their  wmter's  hunt,  which  they  call  Kilchee  Artau-way 
They  consisted  of  about  thirty  families,  of  twenty  in  -ach 
He  who  has  most  wives  is  considered  the  best  hunter 
bemg  obliged  to  provide  for  their  maintenance  by  his 
own  industry.  The  Indians  laugh  at  the  Europeans  for 
having  only  one  wife,  and  that  for  life,  as  they  conceive 
he  good  spirit  formed  them  to  be  happy,  and  not  to  con- 
tmue  together  unless  their  tempers  and  dispositions  were 
congenial. 

Having  bartered  for  their  skins  and  fur  „  they  asked  for 
rum;  I  told  them  I  had  only  one  small  keg  left  whic  ■  T 
would  give  them  at  their  departure,  which  satisfied  them- 
and  when  they  were  ready  to  embark,  I  ordered  a  Cana- 
dian to  put  it  into  the  chief's  canoe. 

Having  disposed  of  all  my  merchandise  except  a  few 
articles,  and  a  small  quantity  of  rum,  to  barter  ;vith  any 
Indians  I  might  happen  to  meet  with  in  my  return  to  Pays 
Plat  we  baled  up  our  peltry,  and  on  the  23d  of  May 
eft  Lac  la  Mort,  with  four  small  birch  canoes  richly 
aden  with  the  skins  of  beavers,  otters,  martens,  minx, 
loup  serviers,  beaver  eaters,  foxes,  bears,  &c  '» 
__Before  I  proceed  to  relate  the  particulars  of  my  voyage, 

r.J'T'''  'T""*'"""  '■"  ''^^  ^^^^^^^^  lynx;  the  beaver-eater,  the  wolverine 


r 


ti- 


i768-i;82j      y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


'33 


I  shall  mention  the  Indian  manner  of  killing'  the  white 
bear  and  the  bufTalo.     The  large  white  bc-ar,  comn.only 
called  the  gnsly  bc-ar,-  is  a  very  dangerous  animal;  when 
the    ndmns  hunt  .t  they  generally  go  six  or  eight  in  a 
band;  the  mstant  they  see  one,  they  endeavour  to  sur- 
round It,  by  forming  a  large  circle:  if  it  is  on  .he  march 
they  fire  at  it;-   but  it  is  most  frequently  discovered  in  the 
wmtcr  season  sucking  its  paws;  in  [96] 'that  case  they  ap- 
proach nearer,  and  form  a  double  row  for  the  animal  to 
run  between.     One  of  the  party  is  then  sent  out,  who 
fires  at  the  bear  and  generally  wounds  it:  this  rou/.es  it  to 
pursue  the  Indian,  who  runs  between  the  ranks,  and  the 
rest  of  the  band  fire  and  soon  dispatch  it. 

The  bufTalo  I  need  not  describe:  it  is  well  known  to  be  a 
remarkably  strong  animal;  the  Indians  say  its  hra^  "s 
bullet  proof,  and  therefore  they  always  fire  at  t'  v 

endeavouring  to  hit  the  heart.  When  they  are  in  purs, 
of  this  animal  they  make  up  small  huts  of  snow  in  differ- 
ent places,  for  near  a  mile  in  length  on  each  side  of  the 
road;  ,n  each  of  these  huts  an  Indian  stands  with  a  bow 
and  arrow,  to  shoot  at  it  as  it  passes,  preferring  that 
mode  to  powder  and  ball,  as  it  does  not  alarm  the  rest 
of  the  herd.  The  snow  prevents  the  buffalo  from  smelling 
the  Indians,  though  their  scent  is  very  strong  and  quick 
1  he  mstant  the  animal  drops  they  tomahawk  it 

On  the  2d  of  July  we  arrived  at  Portage  Plain,  so  called 
on  account  of  its  being  a  barren  rock,  near  a  mile  long 
jommg  to  Lake  Alemipigon:  it  was  sun-set  when  we  en- 
camped     Besides  the  sixteen  Canadians,  our  party  was 
increased  considerably  by  about  twenty  of  the  Sturgeon 


J  ri 


;  ^ 


^ 


l\  \\> 


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'34 


Ear/y  IVestern  Travels 


[Vol.  a 


and  NipcRon  Indians,  who  accompanied  us  according  to 
the  usual  custom  of  following  the  trader  to  assist  at  the 
carrymg  places.    The  day  previous  to  our  departure  some 
traders  overtook  us,  and  encamped  also.     They  informed 
us  of  a  band  of  Indians  who  were  enemies  to  the  Nipogons 
bemg  near  at  hand,  and  desired  me  to  acquaint  the 
Sav;-cs    witn    it.     Before    their    arrival    the    Sturgeon 
Indians  left  us,  and  the  other  band  would  fain  have 
quitted  the  ground;  but  upon  telling  them  I  wanted  [97] 
their  assistance  on  my  journey,  they  agreed  to  stay,  though 
I  thought  very  reluctantly. 

We  soon  discovered  several  canoes,  and  in  about  half  an 
hour  the  Indians  landed.    They  were  of  the  nation  of  the 
Wasses,  and  always  at  war  with  our  Savages."    Being 
a  select  people,  they  seldom  associate  with  other  tribes 
and  are  continually  on  the  hunt,  only  making  their  ap- 
pearance m  spring  and  autumn.     We  received  them  very 
cordially,  and  after  the  usual  forms  of  salutation,  made 
mutual  presents  to  each  other:  they  told  me  they  had 
heard  of  me  by  some  Indians  at  Lac  la  Mort,  and  were 
desirous  of  seeing  me  before  my  return  to  Michillimak- 
inac,  or  in  their  language  Tecodondoraghie. 

I  soon  perceived  the  uneasiness  of  my  Indians,  and  was 
careful  to  keep  them  at  some  distance  from  each  other- 
but  all  my  precaution  was  ineffectual,  and  before  my  de- 
parture a  most  dreadful  catastrophe  was  the  consequence 
of  their  mutual  hatred. 

•■  Dobbs,  Account  of  the  Countries  adjoining  Hudson's  Bay  (London,  1744) 
gives  a  map  of  the.,  regions  "as  described  by  Joseph  La  France,  a  French 
Canadese  Indian,  who  Traveled  thro  those  Countries  and  Lakes  for  ,  years 
from!i739  to  1742.-  on  which  he  places  -Ouassi  Indians"  between  the  Michipi- 
coten  and  Ntp.gon  nvers  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  He  also  says 
(p.  3V,  There  are  two  Indian  Nations  upon  this  North  Coast,  the  Epinette 
.  .  .  anc  the  Ouass.,  both  tribes  of  the  Sauteurs."  The  tribe  designated 
by  this  term  seems  to  have  disappeared  in  the  nineteenth  century  -  Ed 


W 


'  '  1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels 


si 

i 


•35 


Our  Indians  having  made  up  huts,  began  to  sing  their 
medicine  songs  to  induce  the  Wasses  to  partaiie  of  a 
feast  which  they  said  they  intended  to  make,  with  a  view 
of  preventing  any  dispute  with  them;  but  knowing  that 
the  Nipegons  had  no  provisions  but  what  I  found  them 
I  suspected  their  intentions  were  not  so  pacific  as  they 
pretended:  this  induced  me  to  ask  a  lx)v  belonging  to  the 
band,  why  they  pretended  to  make  a  feast,  without  having 
any  provision  to  do  it;  he  reph'ed,  that  the  Wasses  had 
made  them  a  present  of  dried  meat,  and  with  this  and 
some  huckle  berries  they  had  saved,  they  intended  to 
make  their  visitants  merry.     This  answer  confirmed  my 
suspicions,  as  no  feast  is  [98]  ever  made,  where  friendship 
is  mtended,  without  inviting  the  trader;  and  as  no  notice 
was  sent  me,  I  dreaded  the  evil  consequence  of  their  meet- 
ing. 

Deliberating  with  myself  on  the  unpleasant  prospect 
and  considering  how  to  act  to  prevent  mischief,  I  was 
intemipted  in  my  meditations  by  a  Savage  {Ayarhee,  or 
the  big  man),  who  came  to  give  me  intelligence  of  an  in- 
tended plan  to  destroy  the  Nipegon  Indians,  and  which 
was  communicated  to  him  by  an  old  woman  who  be- 
longed to  the  band  of  Wasses. 

In  about  an  hour  the  Nipegon  huts  were  in  order  to 
receive  their  intended  guests,  who  were  encamped  in  a 
hollow,  surrounded  with  cedar  trees  and  bushes,  close 
to  the  lake  side.  The  Nipegons  being  determined  to 
counteract  the  designs  of  their  deceitful  visitors,  and 
punish  their  intended  perfidy,  made  holes  in  the  bark  of 
theu-  huts,  in  which  they  placed  their  guns,  loaded  with 
swan  shot.  Each  man  taking  his  station;  the  Wasses,  to 
the  number  of  eighteen,  ascended  the  hOI,  and  were 
coming  prepared  to  partake  of  the  feast,  with  knives  and 


1'i ; 


-.■* 


s 


.j..;r 


i 


\ 


"A 


!i: 


n 


'■}u 


f     ii. 


ii 


136 


Early  IVesWni  Tnnrls 


[Vol.  I 


tV 


'  n 


wfKHlon  lx)\vls,  intending  to  overpower  the  Xipegons  on 
a  given  signal;  but  they  were  fatally  disappointed,  for 
when  they  got  within  thirty  yards  of  the  Xipegon  huts 
they  were  fired  at,  and  all  the  band,  except  a  girl  about 
fourteen  years  of  age,  killed  on  the  spot;  she  was  danger- 
ously wounded,  but  advanced  with  a  gun,  which  she 
snatched  from  an  Indian  who  was  preparing  to  dispatch 
her,  and  shot  Ayarbcc  through  the  head,  and  was  herself 
soon  aft  T  ton  ahawked  and  scalped  by  a  Nipegon  boy 
about  the  same  age,  who  at  such  an  early  period  of  life 
displayed  all  that  ferocity  which  marks  the  most  deter- 
mined chief. 

[99]l'hus  was  treachery  rewarded:  and  though  in  my 
heart  I  could  not  but  approve  of  tl;e  conduct  of  the  Xipe- 
gon Indians.  I  was  afraid  of  trusting  to  them,  and  had 
resolved  on  taking  my  leave  of  them,  when  the  chief  came 
up  and  informed  me,  he  was  very  sorry  that  his  band  could 
not  accompany  me  any  farther,  for  being  afraid  of  the 
resentment  of  the  nation  of  the  Wasses,  when  they  came 
to  hear  of  the  transaction,  notwithstanding  they  had  done 
it  in  their  own  defence,  they  had  determined  to  depart; 
and  soon  after  pushed  ofT  their  canoes,  and  left  me,  a 
circumstance  which  pleased  me  exceedingly.     The  next 
day  a  party  of  Indians  met  us.  to  whom  I  related  the 
disaster.     Tht>y  were  very  much  shocked,  and  said  the 
Nipegon  Savages  might  repent  their  rash  conduct,  though 
at  the  same  time  they  acknowledged  them  right  in  guard- 
ing against  the  designs  of  the  Wasses.    They  asked  me  if  I 
had  got  their  packs,  as  they  as.surcd  me  they  had  made  a 
good  hunt,  and  had  rich  peltry.     This  information  vexed 
me  exceedingly,  as  I  should  certainly  have  increased  my 
cargo  had  not  the  aflfair  happened,  and  likewise  have 


1 768-1 7S2]     J.  Longs  voyages  and  Travc/s  \  ^7 

Riven  more  satisfaction  to  my  i-mployiTs.  thoufjh  1  liarl 
already  a  larRc  quantity  of  goods,  and  had  iviry  reason 
to  be  pleased  with  my  success.  'F'he  Nipegons  made  up 
fourteen  bales  of  dried  meat,  which  they  took  with  them; 
but  the  furs  and  skins  were  hidden  in  the  woods,  and 
never  afterwards  found  that  I  heard  of. 

We  continued  our  j(>urney  to  Lac  p:turgeon.  where  soon 
after  our  landing,  we  killed  a  great  many  wild  fowl,  and 
caught  plenty  of  fish.  Here  we  met  alx)ut  fifty  of  the 
Hawoyzask  or  Rat  Nation  Indians,"  with  whom  I  made 
a  small  barter,  chiefly  with  rum.  having  disposed  of  all 
my  Indian  goods. 

[100]  Our  journey  was  retarded  for  some  time  in  order 
to  gratify  my  curiosity.  A  young  Indian  girl  fell  sick, 
and  the  chief  desired  me  to  stay  to  see  the  wonderful 
efTccts  of  their  medicines,  as  she  was  very  bad,  and 
without  immediate  assistance,  he  .said,  must  soon  change 
her  climate.  The  physician  who  attended  her  .said,  that 
the  Matchcc  Manniloo,  or  bad  spirit,  had  put  the  Ix-ar's 
claws  into  her,  and  his  medicines  would  remove  them. 
A  hut  was  prepared,  and  the  girl  stripped  to  her  matchee- 
coaty  or  under  petticoat;  she  was  then  painted  with  ver- 
milion, and  daubed  over  with  soot  and  bears'  grease, 
and  profusely  sweated,  which  soon  relieved  her  pain. 
During  the  operation,  the  physician  addressed  himself  to 
the  Master  of  Life,  Ijegging  his  assistance,  and  thanking 
him  for  giving  knowledge  to  restore  health:  then  giving 
her  a  decoction  of  roots,  he  made  a  perfect  cure.  I  could 
"ot  help  admiring  his  skill  and  manner  of  proceeding, 

«  The  Rat  Indians  are  those  of  Rat  Portage,  on  the  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
apparently  a  branch  of  the  Chippewas.  Their  name  is  taken  from  the  muskrat 
(ondatra  zibelhicus).  See  Coucs,  Henry-Thompson  Journals  (New  York, 
'897),  ■,  p.  26.—  Ed. 


1     !* 


•II 


1),^ 


I, 


"i 


^'    i 


•38 


m  -■! 


U 


i| 


;t    I 


:\ 


Early  tVestem  Travels 


m; 


(Vol.    2 

though  I  attributed  her  recoveiT^y  to  the  ^\cnM 
pcrsjjiration  she  unde-^ent." 
Previous  to  our  departure,  one  of  their  women  was  de- 

mother  tenderness,  as  the  infant  sucked  the  milk,  which 
m  their  anguage  ,s  called  tootooshomrbo,  or  the  sap  of  the 
human  breast,  an  expression  which  struck  me  forcibly. 
The  husband  was  also  very  attentive,  and  performe<l  the 
part  of  an  affectionate  parent,  which  induced  me  to  give 
him  some  rum  to  cheer  his  heart,  and  drink  my  health 
He  seemed  pleasc-d  with  the  present,  and  addresig  him-' 
self  to  the  Great  Spirit,  thanked  him  for  the  saf-^  delivery 
of  his  w.„/„„.y,:_then  looking  very  earnestly  at  me 

that  TysT.^'^Ta  k'  ^''^  ^^^^^^^  ^°  '"^  '-'  »he  comfori 
that  I  had  afforded  him,  and  that  he  was  sure  that  I  was  a 

brave  warrior,  for  my  generosity  to  him  and  his  wife,  when 
they  so  much  wanted  assistance.    When  the  younc  fioil 
warrior  cried,  he  observed,  that  he  wished  to  be  gratefu 
to  me  for  my  attention  to  his  parents,  and  that  it  L  only 
he  echo  of  his  breath,  (meaning  his  voice)  to  praise 
the  goodness  of  the  Saggcmash,  or  Englishman.    As  I 
got  into  my  canoe,  he  said,  "Beaver,  be  strong,  you  will 
always  have  a  public  road  among  the  Nipegon  Indians, 
h  re  ore  return  as  soon  as  you  can;  in  the  mean  time 
I  shall  take  care  to  acquaint  all  the  Indians  with  you^ 
goodness  and  I  hope  when  we  see  you  again,  we  shall 
have  had  a  good  hunt,  and  be  able  to  give  you  furs  and 
xaIu   l^^^y  ^°"'  kindness."    i  told  him  I  always 
oved  the  Indians,  that  I  was  adopted  by  the  Chippeways, 
a_nd  considered  myself  as  one  of  their  tribe;  that  I  would 
Myth?:, ^^Z^wt^T^T'  T" Tl  ''^  P''^^'"^"^'  ^'^  «""'-• 

TTn!t<.j  c.  .     n  wonman,     'The   Midewinin   of  the   Oiibwa " 

United  States  Bureau  of  Ethnology  Rtp„,,  ,885-86.-  Ed.  ^ 


■A\'      •■ 


i76»-i78>J     J.  Longs  royngfs  ami  Traiets 


'39 


return  as  soon  as  possible  with  plenty  of  rcmkIs  for  thdr 
families;  that  my  heart  was  niehed  by  his  regard  for  me 
and  giving  him  and  his  wife  each  a  parting  glass  of  the- 
strong  water,  took  my  leave,  and  pursued  my  journey 

We  arrived  at  Pays  Plat  on  the  loth  of  August,  where  I 
met  some  brother  traders,  who  had  iK-en  in  dilTerent  parts 
of  the  mlands,  particularly  the  North  west.     Here  we 
waited  for  fresh  goods  from  our  emi)I()yers.  and  enjoyed 
ourselves  with  the  remains  of  our  dilTerent  provisions 
which  we  threw  into  a  common  stock,  and  made  ourselves 
merry  with  the  scanty  pittance,  recounting  our  several 
adventures:  but  none  of  then   had  sufTered  the  dinkulties 
I  had  experienced,  except  Mr.  Shaw,  whom  I  happily 
relieved  at  Lake  Manontoye;  the  rest  of  the  traders  having 
wmtercd  very  remote  from  me,  by  the  way  of  the  Grand 
Portage. 

Soon  after  our  arrival,  our  employers  sent  their  agents 
with  a  fresh  assortment  of  merchandize  and  provisions 
which  rejoiced  us  exceedingly,  [102]  having  been  a  con- 
siderable time  without  corn  or  grease,  and  absent  from 
Michilhrnakmac  about  fourteen  months.     I  delivered  my 
cargo  of  furs,  consisting  of  about  one  hundred  and  forty 
packs,  in  good  condition,"  and  loaded  the  canoes  with 
the  fresh  goods;  then  taking  leave  of  my  companions,  pre- 
pared for  my  departure  for  the  Inlands,  to  winter  another 
year  among  the  x\    egon  Savages.    But  before  I  begin 
to  relate  my  second  adventure,  I  cannot  forbear  making 
some  observations  on  the  hardships  attending  an  Indian 
life,  particularly  as  an  interpreter  and  trader. 
_My  salary  was  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  per 

"According  to  Count  Andrani  of  Milan,  who  was  at  Grand  Portage  in 
I79t.  each  pack  was  valued  at  £40  sterling,  making  the  total  value  of  Long's 
TZZZ'l!;^^.    °"  '''^  "^"-  °'  -•>  -  -'fit.  -  Cana^L 


\u 


I     > 


•     I 


ti 


K 


m 


m''\ 


140 


^^'tf^/y  ff^*'ift'rn  Travels 


[Vol.  J 

annum  which  I  certainly  cicsc-rvcd.  considcrinK  the  ki^- 
ed«e  I  had  .,f  the  C'hippeway  languaKe. 

I  was  sent  into  the  Inlands  with  only  corn  and  hard 
grease  without  any  other  provisions  I  couM  rely  o„-  for 
as  to  fish  and  other  animal  f(Kxl,  the  former  in  a  Rrcat 
measure  depends  on  the  season,  he  latter  on  the  arrival 
of  Savages;  and  though  in  general  I  was  successful  in 
aquatic  pursuits,  and  received  frer,uent  supplies  from  the 
ndians  ,t  was  a  precarious  mo<le  of  subsistence,  and  at 
Lac  la  Mort  I  sufTerod  ^reat  hardships. 

I  had  si.xteen  men.  and  an  Indian  and  his  wife  occa- 
sionally w,th  me.  to  feed  and  govern,  and  on  the  continu- 
ance of  the.r  health  my  existence  in  a  great  measure  de- 
pended. As  It  was  my  constant  duty  to  be  in  the  way 
m  case  o  the  arrival  of  Savages.  Ix^ing  the  only  one  who 
could  talk  the.r  language.  I  had  few  opportunities  of 
hunting,  neither  could  I  go  far  abroad  to  e.xamine  whether 
the  Canadians  did  their  duty  or  not:  I  [.03]  was  therefore 
aIwa>^s  full  of  an.xiety,  and  rejoiced  when  the  spring  re- 
turned to  .set  me  free. 

The  constant  attention  necessary  in  taking  care  of  the 
goods  to  prevent  depredations,  the  continual  fears  and 
apprehensions  of  being  plundered  by  a  set  of  intoxicated 
beings;  always  liable  to  insults,  without  daring  to  resent 
them;  and  when  I  had  bartered  all  my  merchandize,  and 
made  a  successful  trip  -  feeling  a  painful  solicitude  till 
the  fruits  of  my  labours  were  safely  delivered  to  my  em- 
ployers.    Upon  the  whole,  perhaps  no  situation  can  be 
more  distressing,  and  it  has  often  filled  my  mind  with 
surprise  when  I  reflected  on  the  engagement  I  entered 
into  which  consumed  the  prime  of  my  days  in  a  traffic 
the  dangers  and  fatigues  of  which  scarce  any  salary  could 
compensate.    I  believe  nothing  but  the  flattering  idea 


tj6s-f;S2]     y.  Long's  f^oyagi's  tinJ  /'nnrh  141 

of  thinking  mynM  supirior  to  others  as  an  intiTprttir. 
|>rom(>ted  mc  ?o  tontinut-  in  a  station  so  fatiKuin^  to  sup- 
port, and  s»>  (iiflicult  to  execute;  .inU  I  cannot  hut  con- 
clude with  this  <'jservat ion:—  That  how.ver  censurable 
a  man  may  Ik  ror  indulging  rvcn  this  degree  ot  pridr 
the  lilx-ral  mind  w'"  easily  1  ,iruon  the  presumption,  as 
they  know  he  alone  is  the  sufferer;  and  as  s,lf opinion 
governs  the  pursuits  of  niankind,  the  individual  who  is 
most  induenced  by  it.  must  stand  or  fall  by  the  conse 
quences. 


■•h 


t 


i| 


I'' 


r 


*.. 


M 


M 


.%^4.iJC:»mr 


m 


'I  i 


M 


SECOND  EXPEDITION 
[104]  Proceed  to  winter  again  among  the  Nipegon  Indians  ■ 
-Destgn  0}  an  Indian  to  plunder  us;- un}ortunate 
Accident  happens  to  an  Indian  Chief;-  narrowly  escape 
betng  assassinated  by  an  Indian  Straggler;  Murder  of 
Joseph  la  Forme,  a  Trader. 

On  the  15th  of  August  I  left  Pays  Plat,  with  four 
birch  canoes,  and  the  same  men  who  wintered  with  me 
at  Lac  la  Mort,  and  arrived  at  Rividre  la  Pique,  which 
runs  mto  Lake  Superior:  this  river  is  very  crooked  for 
about  seven  miles,  and  extremely  deep;  it  abounds  with 
fish,  particularly  pike,  from  which  it  takes  its  name." 
On  our  landing,  we  found  a  large  band  of  Chippeways, 
and  some  of  the  Rat  nation,  who  immediately  prepared  a 

Indian  named  Ogashy,  or  the  horse;  he  was  reckoned, 
even  by  his  own  tribe,  a  bad  Indian,  which  put  me  on  my 
guard  durmg  my  encampment  there.  I  traded  for  their 
skins  and  furs,  and  gave  them  some  rum,  with  which  they 
had  a  frolic,  which  lasted  for  three  days  and  nights;  on 
this  occasion  five  men  were  killed,  and  one  woman 
dreadfully  burnt.  When  the  fumes  of  the  liquor  had 
evaporated,  they  began,  as  usual,  to  reflect  on  the  foUy 
of  theu-  conduct,  and  all  except  Ogashy  expressed  great 

TTJ  5' '""""^  '^^^''  *°  be  pleased  at  the  mischief 
which  had  happened,  and  before  my  departure,  I  was 
informed  that  he  intended  to  destroy  me,  and  plunder  the 
property.  To  frustrate  his  viUainous  intention,  I  kept 
himm  good  humour,  and  made  [105]  him  sleep  in  my  hut, 

hut'aZ^!  I'V^'  "'"  ""'^  ''""^  ^  P'=  K"'^"'  ^hich  is  east  of  Pays  fJ 


>  ii 


,\i  ■, 


:768-i78a]     J.  LoTig's  Foyages  and  Travels  143 

a  compliment  he  seemed  highly  pleased  with,  and  which 
I  believe  for  the  time  diverted  him  from  his  purpose;  and 
though  by  no  means  fond  of  his  company,  I  judged  it  most 
prudent  to  have  my  enemy  in  sight.    In  the  morning  I 
gave  him  a  glass  of  rum,  and  promised  him  a  two-gallon 
keg  to  carry  off  the  ground,  which,  as  the  Indians  ex- 
press themselves,  drove  the  bad  spirit  from  his  heart. 
When  my  men  had  prepared  every  thing  for  embarkation, 
I  gave  the  chief  of  the  band  the  liquor,  and  a  single  bottle 
of  rum  more  than  I  promised  to  Ogashy,  unknown  to  the 
rest,  in  which  I  had  infused  a  considerable  quantity  of 
laudanum.    Unsuspicious  of  what  I  had  done,  he  put  the 
bottle  to  his  mouth,  and  shaking  me  by  the  hand,  said  to 
me,  ''Kee  talinimanco  negee,"  or,  "your  health,  friend," 
and  immediately  took  a  hearty  draught  which  soon  stupi- 
fied  and  lulled  him  into  a  profound  sleep,  in  which,  I  was 
afterwards  informed,  he  remained  twelve  hours,  depriving 
him  of  the  power  of  doing  harm,  and  that  soon  after,  an 
Indian  who  had  an  antipathy  against  him,  and  only 
sought   an   opportunity   of   gratifying   his   resentment, 
tomahawked  him.    His  eldest  son  burnt  him,  and  fixed 
his  bones  on  a  high  pole,  as  he  was  the  head  chief  of  the 
tribe. 

We  proceeded  on  our  voyage,  and  arrived  at  a  short 
carrying  place,  caUed  Portage  la  Rame,  where  we  en- 
camped for  nine  days,  being  wind  bound;  here  we  found 
a  number  of  Indians  in  the  same  situation. 

As  soon  as  Lake  Superior  was  passable  with  safety,  we 
continued  our  journey  through  strong  and  dangerous 
rapids,  which  kept  us  continuaUy  in  the  water,  and  very 
sensibly  affected  our  limbs;  on  these  occasions,  [106] 
where  great  exertion  is  necessary,  all  distinction  is  laid 
aside,  and  it  is  tel  maitre,  tel  valet,  the  bourgeois  must 


m 


|»-r| 


1    f      ♦ 


\^  r 


•urlt' 


iV. 


n. 


1.1  u 

.I'll 


1 1 ' 


V 


¥ 


t 

'J 


'in  p 


144 


Ear/y  JVestern  Travels 


[Vol. 


work  as  hard  as  the  engages,  to  encourage  them  to  do 
their  duty  with  more  alacrity,  and  avoid  all  cause  of  com- 
plaint. 

The  wind  proving  favourable,  we  proceeded  to  Cran- 
berry Lake,  so  called  from  the  great  quantity  of  cran- 
berries growing  in  the  swamps.    We  stopped  here  f 
days  to  refresh  ourselves  after  the  great  fatigue  we  hau 
undergone    in    struggling    against    the    rapids.    Being 
sufficiently  recovered,  and  having  nothing  to  detain  us, 
we  proceeded  to  a  short  carrying  place  called  La  grande 
Cote  de  la  Roche,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Nipegon  River, 
which  is  a  high  ridge  of  rocks  that  must  be  passed  to 
avoid  the  great  cataract  which  I  mentioned  in  my  former 
voyage.    At  this  time  we  had  very  little  animal  food,  but 
fortunately  killed  three  large  bears  in  the  middle  of  the 
portage,  which  supported  us  several  days,  besides  which, 
we  reserved  some  of  the  meat  we  had  smoked  and  dried 
to  carry  with  us." 

From  La  grande  Cote  de  la  Roche  we  proceeded  to  Lac 
le  Nid  au  Corbeau,  or  Crow's  Nest  Lake,  which  is  about 
two  hundred  mDes  in  circumference,  and  supplied  by  a 
number  of  small  rivers;  there  are  also  several  islands  on 
it  which  furnish  the  Indians  with  great  plenty  of  wOd 
fowl:  bears  are  also  found  here  in  abundance,  and  a  sur- 
prising number  of  beaver  dams,  running  in  a  crooked 
direction  about  ten  miles.  The  Chippeways  hunt  here, 
and  find  a  great  deal  of  game. 

The  reader  wUl  observe  that  in  the  first  voyage  I  gave 
an  account  of  another  Crow's  Nest  Lake,  which  is  very 
small,  with  an  island  in  the  [107]  middle  with  high  palm 

••  For  the  difficulties  of  this  passage  from  Pays  Plat  to  Nipigon,  see  the 
account  of  the  building  of  this  section  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  in 
IngersoU,  Canadian  Guide-Book  (New  York,  iSqj),  ii,  pp.  29,  30  —  Ed 


1768-1782]     J,  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  145 

trees:  in  such  an  extent  of  country  it  is  not  surprising  that 
there  should  be  two  places  of  the  same  name." 

During  our  stay  a  band  of  Indians  arrived  from  Lake 
Arbitibis,  who  probably  were  dissatisfied  with  the  trader 
they  dealt  with,  and  intended  to  go  to  Michillimakinac, 
but  finding  that  I  understood  their  language,  they  bar- 
tered with  me,  and  made  me  a  present  of  meat  and  fish. 
An  accident  happened  here  which  had  nearly  proved  fatal, 
and  wliich  was  of  infinite  service  to  me  ever  after,  by  put- 
ting me  more  on  my  guard  in  all  transactions  with  the 
Savages. 

Some  of  the  chiefs  being  desirous  of  seeing  my  North- 
west guns,  I  was  obliged  to  open  a  case  for  their  inspec- 
tion; this  I  did  unwillingly,  as  the  weather  was  fine,  and 
I  was  extremely  anxious  to  get  to  the  wintering  ground 
before  a  heavy  fall  of  snow:  having  shewn  them  the  guns, 
they  loaded  four,  and  laid  them  down  by  the  cases,  in- 
tending to  t ^  them;  during  the  time  they  were  thus  em- 
ployed I  was  busy  in  arranging  the  goods  that  had  been 
displaced  in  getting  at  them;  but  as  soon  as  I  was  at 
leisure,  I  took  up  one  of  the  guns  in  a  careless  manner, 
not  knowing  it  was  charged,  and  snapped  the  lock,  which 
most  unfortunately  shot  off  the  ear  of  one  of  the  chiefs, 
and  I  also  received  some  injury  by  the  powder  flying  in 
my  face,  and  almost  depriving  me  of  sight.    The  dis- 
charge was  so  instantaneous,  and  appeared  so  premedi- 
tated that  the  chief  reproached  me  in  very  severe  terms 
for  the  injury  I  had  done  him,  and  threatened  revenge; 
however,  I  soon  convinced  him  it  was  an  accident,  and 
giving  him  some  presents,  he  consoled  himself  for  the 
lossof  his  ear,  which  was  very  large  and  handsome,  and 

"For  this  lake,  see  Cameron,  "Nipigon  Country,"  Masson,  Bourgeois 
u,  pp.  242,  J44.—  Ed. 


w 


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I  ^i'^/1 


I 


i 


n 


III, 


w 


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«.. 


(      V: 


.  .!■ 


M', 


without  a  single  break,  which  made  it  very  valuable  in 
his  estimation.    It  was  fortunate  [108]  I  did  not  kill  him 
as  m  all  probability  we  should  have  been  sacrificed  to  the 
resentment  of  the  band. 

The  Indians  pride  themselves  in  having  large  ears  and 
extended  as  wide  as  possible,  which  renders  them  liable 
to  be  pulled  off.  It  is  very  common  in  drunken  frolics 
to  lose  them;  but  when  they  are  only  torn,  they  cut  them 
smooth  with  a  knife,  and  sew  the  parts  together  with  a 
needle  and  deers'  sinews,  and  after  sweating  in  a  stove 
resume  their  usual  cheerfulness.  ' 

The  next  day  we  took  our  leave,  and  pursued  our 
journey  to  Shecarke  Sakiegan,  or  the  Skunk's  Lake 
which  runs  with  a  strong  current.  In  the  fall  it  abounds 
with  geese  and  ducks:  here  we  hunted  one  day,  and  with 
good  success.  The  next  morning  at  break  of  day  we 
embarked,  and  had  favourable  weather  till  we  arrived 
at  Lake  Schabeechevan,  or  the  Weed  Lake.  This  lake 
is  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  mDes  in  circumference 
and  full  of  small  islands;  it  abounds  with  fish,  and  the 
swamps  are  full  of  wild  rice  and  cranberries;  it  is  about 
six  days  march  from  Lac  la  Mort. 

This  lake  was  an  unfortunate  situation  to  my  em- 
ployers last  year,  w^  n  one  of  their  servants,  Jaques  San- 
teron,  went  off  with  a  v,  able  cargo.  On  my  arrival, 
I  looked  out  for  the  house  he  had  erected,  but  could  not 
discern  the  least  trace  of  it;  probably  he  was  so  elated 
that  he  made  a  feu  de  joye  on  the  prospect  of  being  his 
own  master.  At  the  extremity  of  this  lake  is  a  fall  of 
water,  which  runs  from  a  river  of  the  same  name,  and 
has  a  direct  communication  with  the  waters  leading  from 
Fort  Albany,  within  the  boundaries  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  territories:  [109]  it  is  about  thirty  days  march  across 


1 768-1 782]     J.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels 


•47 


nineteen  portages  and  creeks,  besides  fourteen    rapids, 
which  are  a  great  hindrance  to  the  journey.    The   In- 
dians run  down  the  strong  currents  without  the  least  fear, 
and  seldom  meet  with  any  accident,  performing  the  voy- 
age in  one  third  part  of  the  time  they  take  in  ascending, 
and  without  any  damage  to  their  canoes,  which  in  going 
against  the  stream  are  frequently  rendered  useless,  and 
they  are  obliged  to  make  new  ones,  before  they  can  pursue 
their  voyage;  but  it  is  a  most  convenient  circumstance 
that  they  are  no  where  at  a  loss  for  birch  bark,  and  being 
also  very  expert,  they  will  make  a  canoe  in  txaee  days 
sufficiently  large  to  carry  three  people  with  necessaries 
for  their  support,  and  room  to  stow  their  furs  and  skins." 
On  this  lake  there  are  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  good 
hunters,  who  make  a  great  many  packs  of  beaver,  &c. 
and  this  was  one  inducement  for  setding  here,  which  was 
increased  by  the  prospect  of  a  plentiful  supply  of  fish, 
rice,  and  cranberries,  which  are  winter  comforts  of   too 
great  consequence  to  be  slighted. 

Having  secured  the  canoes,  and  refreshed  my  men  with 
good  soup,  I  left  them  in  charge  of  the  goods,  and  took 
two  Indians  to  shew  me  a  convenient  place  to  build  a 
house,  which  having  fixed  on,  a  building  was  erected, 
fifty  feet  long,  and  twenty  feet  wide,  divided  into  two 
separate  apartments,  one  for  merchandise,  and  the  other 
for  common  use.  The  rum  being  concealed  in  the  woods, 
and  every  thing  properly  arranged,  we  put  the  fishing 
tackle  in  order;  and  as  the  lakes  began  to  freeze  very  fast, 
I  divided  my  men  into  two  parties,  one  half  to  be  em- 
ployed in  fishing,  the  remainder  (except  one  man  whom 
JUlways  kept  in  the  house)  in  providing  fuel  for  winter. 

"For  a  brief  descripUon  of  the  process  of  making  a  birch  bark  canoe,  see 
McKinney,  Tour  of  the  Lakes  (Baltimore,  1827),  p.  3,9.—  Ed. 


H 


148 


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»1  > 


[Vol.2 


In  about  three  weeks  a  sufficient  quantity  of  wood  was 
piled  near  the  house,  and  the  wood   [no]  cutters  joined 
the  fishing  party:  they  prove^'  very  successful,  so  that 
our  minds  were  more  at  ease  than  in  the  preceding  year 
not  having  the  dread  of  famine.  ' 

In  about  ten  days  a  numerous  band  of  Indians  arrived 
with  their  fall  hunt,  none  of  whom  I  had  ever  seen,  not 
having  wintered  so  far  inland  before.    They  seemed  well 
pleased  to  find  a  trader  settled  among  them,  and  particu- 
arly  as  I  spoke  the  language;  but  when  I  informed  them 
that  I  was  a  brother  warrior,  and  shewed  the  marks  of 
adoption  ,n  my  flesh,  they  were  highly  delighted.    The 
women  were  immediately  ordered  to  make  up  huts,  and 
prepare  a  feast;  whilst  this  was  doing  the  Indians  came 
into  my  house,  one  by  one,  and  seating  themselves  on  the 
floor,  began  to  smoke,  and  looked  very  cheerful     When  I 
had  given  them  tobacco  and  other  Indian  goods,  the  old 
chief  w-hose  name  was  Mattoyash,  or  the  Earth,  took  me 
round  the  neck,  and  kissed  my  cheek,  then  addressed  me 
in  ttie  following  words. 

''Meegwoitch  kUchee  mannitoo,  kaygait  kee  zargetoone 
an  Ntshmnorbay  nogame,  shashyyar  payshik  artawway 
mnnm    tercushenan,    caumren    kitchee    morgusscy,    an 
Ntshmnorbay  nogovie  cawunckar  indenendum.    Kaygait 
kitchee    mushkouii'ay    ^eosay    haguarmissey    wayhenan 
matchee    oathty    nee    zargetoone    Saggonash    artaunvay 
■mnmn  kaygait  hapadgey  kitchee  morgussey  an  Nishin- 
norbay;  kaygu'otch  annaboycassey  neenneninnd  mornooch 
towu'arch  nee  zargey  debu'oye  kee  appay  mnar,  cuppar 
bebane  nepewar  appiminiqui  omar.' '-' '  I  thank  the  Master 
of  Life  for  loving  us  Indians,  and  sending  us  this  day  an 
English  trader,  who  will  open  his  heart  to  me  and  my 
young  men.    Take  courage,  young  men,  suffer  not  your 


il  i  ■ 


i 


3 


1768-1 78a]     y.  Long's  Voyages  ami  Travels 


'49 


hearts  to  be  bound  [in]  up,  and  throw  away  the  bad 
spirit  from  you:  we  all  love  the  English  traders,  for  we 
have  heard  of  their  pity  to  Savages;  we  believe  that  they 
have  an  open  heart,  that  their  veins  run  clear  like  the 
sun.  It  is  true  we  Indians  have  but  little  sense  when 
drunk,  but  we  hope  you  wUl  not  think  of  this,  and  if 
you  will  stay  with  us,  we  wUl  hunt  with  spirit  for  you." 

When  he  had  finished  his  speech  they  all  got  up,  and 
taking  me  by  the  right  hand,  conducted    me  to    their 
hut;  immediately  on  entering,  one  of  the  warriors  placed 
me  on  a  large  beaver  robe  which  was  prepared  for  me,  and 
put  a  wampum  belt  round  my  neck,  singing  all  the  time  to 
the  Master  of  Life,  while  myself  and  the  chief  were 
eatmg.    When  the  feast  was  over,  I  took  two  of  the 
Indians  to  my  house,  and  gave  them  two  kegs  of  rum,  and 
ten  carrots  of  tobacco,  with  other  articles,  for  which  they 
gave  me  al!  thur  peltry.     They  then  began  to  frolic, 
which  continued  three  days  and    nights:  the  only  acci- 
dent which  happened  was  to  a  little  child,  whose  back 
^^'as  broke  by  the  mother.     When  they  had  rested  a  day 
after  intoxication,  I  supplied  them  with  plenty  of  ammu- ' 
nition  for  their  winter's  hunt,  and   they  departed   per- 
fectly   satisfied    with    their    reception.     I    cannot    help 
relatmg  the  method  I  was  obliged  to  adopt  to  quiet  an 
old  Indian  woman,  who  was  more  troublesome  than  the 
rest,  and  continually  importuned  me  for  liquor. 

I  infused  forty  d-ops  of  the  tincture  of  cantharides,  and 
the  same  quantity  of  laudanum,  inlo  a  glass  of  rum,  and 
when  she  came  to  me  soliciting  very  earnestly  for  the 
strong  water,  I  gave  her  the  dose  which  was  prepared  for 
her:  she  drank  it  without  hesitation,  and  being  already 
much  intoxicated,  it  made  her  stagger.  But  this  did  not 
satisfy  her,  and  [112]  she  still  asked  for  more;  I  then  re- 


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ISO 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.   2 


U\ 


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»v     y 


pcated  the  dose,  which  she  also  drank,  and  then  fell  on 
the  floor.  I  ordered  my  Canadian  to  carry  her  out  of 
the  house,  and  lay  her  carefully  near  her  own  wig\vaum, 
where  she  remained  twelve  hours  in  a  deep  sleep,  to  my 
entire  satisfaction.  I  have  always  found  laudanum 
extremely  useful;  in  general  it  may  be  considered  an 
essential  article  in  the  commerce  with  the  Indians,  as  it 
proves  the  only  method  of  overcoming  their  intoxicated 
senses,  and  making  the  life  of  a  trader  more  tolerable,  by 
putting  a  stop  to  their  impertinence. 

On  the  19th  of  November  a  band  of  about  forty  Indians 
came  in  with  a  few  skins  and  a  great  quantity  of  dried 
meat,  with  some  bears'  grease,  which  I  purchased  for  a 
little  rum,  and  advised  them  to  carry  it  along  with  them 
of!  the  ground;  they  complied  with  my  wishes  and  em- 
barked perfectly  sober. 

It  was  always  my  custom  to  endeavour  to  persuade 
them  fo  take  away  the  rum,  though  I  seldom  succeeded. 
The  fatigue  of  watching  them  when  the  liquor  begins  to 
operate  is  inconceivable,  besides  the  risk  of  our  lives 
and  property. 

After  their  departure  I  was  left  for  near  a  month  with 
only  one  man,  the  rest  being  employed  in  fishing  and 
watching  the  marten  traps:  in  both  pursuits  they  were  suc- 
cessful, but  particularly  in  the  .  ....,  naving  brought 
home  near  eight  thousand,  trout,  pike,  pickerill,  and 
white  fish,  which  we  hung  up  as  usu-l  to  freeze.  When 
the  severe  weather  sets  in  every  man  has  his  allowance 
served  out  twice  a  day,  and  this  rule  is  constantly  adhered 
to  even  though  the  stock  be  very  considerable. 

[113]  In  the  beginning  of  December  a  new  married 
couple  arrived,  and  having  given  them  a  little  rum,  they 
got  very  merry:  and  perceiving  the  woman  was  in  great 


t  V 


•5' 


1768- 1 78a]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 

good   humour,  I  desired  her  to  sing  a  lovc-sonp,  which 
she  consented  to  with  cheerfulness. 

THE   SONG 

"Debu'oye,  nee  zargay  ween  aighter,  payshik  oathty, 
setzeebockquoit  shenargussey  me  tarhiscoach  nepeech  cassa- 
uncka  nepoo,  moszack  pemartus,  seizeebockqmit  mcteekr 

"It  is  true  I  love  him  only  whose  heart  is  like  the  sweet 
sap  that  .-uns  from  the  sugar-tree,  and  is  brother  to  the 
aspin  leaf,  that  always  lives  and  shivers.' ' 

I  thanked  her  for  her  song,  and  giving  the  husband  a 
botde  of  scuttaywabor  left  them  together  to  enjoy  their 
hearts'  delight;  and  as  there  was  not  sufficient  to  intoxi- 
cate them,  I  was  not  afraid  of  a  jealous  fit.  I  always 
bore  in  mind  the  circumstance  at  Lac  la  Mort,  and  my 
fortunate  escape.  In  the  morning  they  departed,  paying 
me  well  for  my  presents  with  some  beaver,  bear,  .-^nd 
otter  skins. 

A  few  days  after  an  Indian  arrived,  with  his  two  wives 
and  three  chUdren;  they  immediately  came  into  my 
house,  and  sat  down  by  the  fire.  I  thought  I  discovered 
deceit  in  his  countenance,  and  watched  him  very  nar- 
rowly. I  asked  him  what  success  he  had  met  with  in  his 
hunt  ?  He  told  me  he  believed  the  Master  of  Life  was 
angry  with  him,  for  he  had  fired  at  several  animals,  and 
expended  all  his  ammunition,  without  doing  execution. 
This  was  a  figurative  mode  of  expression,  [114]  and 
convinced  me  that  he  was  lazy,  and  could  not  get  credit 
for  what  he  wanted:  he  added,  that  his  family  had  been 
without  provisions  some  days,  and  hoped  I  would  cheer 
their  hearts,  and  be  a  friend  to  them.    I  then  ordered  a 

» Scuttay«-ai^  i, , .m  or  brandy.    See  Long's  Chippewa  vocabulary,  af  the 
end  of  the  f       Mt  vi  '-n-e. —  Ed. 


n  '  . 


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Early  Western  Travels 


>  I 


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[Vol.  3 


large  kettle  to  be  put  on  the  fire,  and  boiled  some  fish, 
which  they  ate  of  very  heartily,  particularly  the  women 
and  children. 

I  questioned  him  concerning  his  hunting  grounds:  he 
told  me  he  was  from  Hudson's  Bay,  and  had  come  so 
far,  hearing  some  traders  were  settled  at  Skunk's  Lake, 
and  as  he  knew  there  were  plenty  of  animals,  he  expected 
to  get  a  great  many  skins.     This  I  was  convinced  was 
false,  and  I  immediately  considered  him  as  a  straggler,  or 
he  certainly  would  not  have  travelled  so  far,  unless  he 
had  done  something  to  displease  the  servants  at  the  Com- 
pany's forts,  and  could  not  obtain  credit.    Looking  at 
me  very  earnestly,  he  asked  me  to  trust  him  a  gun, 
blanket,  and  ammunition;  but  I  refused   him:  this  dis- 
pleased him;  and  going  out  of  the  house,  one  of  them 
called  him,  the  other  followed  him  out,  and  .said  something 
'to  him  in  a  low  tone  of  voice:  this  appeared  to  me  like  a 
confederacy,  and  put  me  on  my  guard.    In  a  few  minutes 
he   returned,    and   renewed    his    solicitations;    saying, 
"Are  you  afraid  to  trust  me  forty  skins ?    I  will  pay  you 
in  the  spring."— I  told  him  I  never  gave  credit  to  any 
but  good  hunters,  and  I  was  sure  he  was  an  idle  strag- 
gler, who  lived  without  industry,  and  advised  him  tore- 
turn  to  his  own  tribe,  and  solicit  their  assistance  who 
knew  him  better  than  I  did.    So  severe  a  check  to  his 
application    (and   which   I   was  afterwards  sorry  for) 
seemed  to  rouze  the  bad  spirit  in  his  heart,  and  he  left 
me  under  the  influence  of  the  Malchee  Manni'oo,  and 
went  dovm  to  his  canoe,  seeming  to  be  in  deep  discourse 
with  his  wives. 

[115]  My  man  observing  them,  watched  them  very  nar- 
rowly, and  saw  the  Indian  endeavouring  to  file  off  the 
end  of  his  gun,  to  make  it  convenient  to  conceal  under  his 


1 768- 1 78-.]     J.  Long's  Foyugt's  ami  Travels 


53 


blanket;  having  shortened  and  loaded  i*.  he  returned  with 
it  hid  under  his  dress.  This  transaction  king  a  con- 
vincing proof  of  his  diabolical  intention,  I  directed  my 
man  to  stand  on  one  side  of  the  door,  and  I  took  my  post 
on  the  other,  waiting  his  entrance  into  the  house.  Just 
as  he  passed  the  threshold,  I  knocked  him  down  with  a 
billet  of  wood,  and  taking  his  short  gun  from  him,  Ixat 
him  so  much  that  we  were  obliged  to  carry  him  down  to 
his  canoe,  where  his  family  were  waiting  for  him,  and 
ordered  them  all  off  the  ground,  threatening  that  in 
case  of  refusal  his  canoe  should  be  instantly  broken  to 
pieces,  and  his  family  turned  adrift.  The  .st^uaws  and 
children  appeared  very  much  distressed,  and  with  great 
reluctance  obeyed  my  orders.  Thus  I  got  rid  of  an  un- 
principled set;  and,  as  will  soon  appear,  escaped  a  dan- 
ger which  was  certainly  intended  to  involve  me  and  my 
men  in  utter  ruin. 

A  few  days  after  their  departure,  an  Indian  arrived  and 
informed  me  that  Mr.  Joseph  la  Forme,  a  brother  trader 
who  was  settled  at  Lac  Ic  Sel,  was  killed  by  a  Savage, 
and  described  his  person.  I  had  no  doubt  but  he  was 
the  same  man  who  attempted  to  destroy  me.  I  commu- 
nicated every  circumstance  of  his  conduct,  and  the  re- 
venge I  took  on  the  occasion.  The  Indian  congratulated 
me  on  my  happy  escape,  as  he  was  known  to  be  a  bad 
man  by  all  the  tribe,  having  killed  his  brother  and  one  of 
his  wives  last  fall,  which  was  the  reason  that  the  band 
he  belonged  to  would  not  suffer  him  to  stay  among  them. 
As  I  was  anxiou  to  know  the  particulars,  I  desired  him 
tc  relate  them.  He  told  me  that  he  was  informed  by  a 
Savage  whom  he  accidentally  met,  and  [ii6]  to  whom 
the  murderer  had  revealed  the  particulars,  that  the 
Indian  being  disappointed  in  his  design  against  me,  pur- 


I 


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54 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


w 


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sued  his  journey  with  Ihc  had  spirit  in  his  heart,  and 
arrived  at  Joseph  La  Forme's  house,  which  he  entered, 
and  asked  for  rum  and  tobacco,  which  was  given 
him;  but  obser\inK  he  had  not  any  thing  to  trade  with. 
La  Forme  was  suspicious  of  him:  whilst  he  was  smoking 
he  asked  for  credit,  but  was  refused,  and  toKi  that  he  was 
not  only  a  bad  hunter,  but  that  he  had  a  heart  of  lead. 
This  imprudef't  reproach  incensed  him,  and  observing 
no  one  in  the  house  but  the  trader,  (the  men  being  fish- 
ing) he  watched  a  convenient  opjiortunity,  and  when 
La  Formi-  sIoojxhJ  to  light  his  pipe,  shot  him  through 
the  head,  plundered  the  house  of  a  few  things,  and  went 
off. 

On  this  information  I  dispatched  six  Indians,  with  a 
trusty  Canadian,  to  endeavour  to  secure  the  property,  in 
which  they  fortunately  succeeded,  and  brought  away' all 
the  peltry,  merchandise,  &c.  and  the  deceased  trader's 
men,  whom  I  engaged  in  my  service.  About  six  weeks 
after,  one  of  the  tribe  whom  he  had  formerly  ofTcnded.  and 
who  had  heard  of  this  recent  act  of  villainy,  after  repeated 
reproaches  for  his  baseness,  tomahawked  him.  cut  ofT  his 
head,  and  brought  it  to  my  house  to  shew  my  Indians. 

The  unhappy  fate  of  Joseph  La  Forme  affords  a 
melancholy  example  of  the  f^recarious  situation  of  all 
Indian  traders;  and  furnishes  a  useful  lesson  of  in.struc- 
tion  to  these  who  may  in  future  be  en<;aged  in  commerce 
with  the  Savages  —  that  it  is  frequently  more  prudent  to 
conceal  resentment  than  to  gratify  it. 


[ii;]  HV  are  nduced  to  gnat  llar'hhips  jor  want  oj  Pro 
visions:     rrtinrd  hy  I  In-  fort  unite  Arrival  of  some  In 
diati^.-   Xarnjtive  oj  a  most  slu>ckiMf>  Transaction  p,r 
petraled  hy  ont   Janvier,  belonging  to  ,i  Mr.  fulton,  a 
Trader   -  .\fr.  Fulton  takes  Means  to  induee  a  Conjes- 
si<m,   and  ptmisltrs   him  accordingly.—  Visit  front   n 
Trader   '>elo)i,i^in^  to  the  Hudson's   Hay  Comf>any — 
some  Ob  rrvations  concerning  that  Trade,  and  the  CVw 
duct .»/  ///,'  Company  towards  their  Senant.s. 

The  latter  end  of  January.   I77^,  a  Ijanrl  of  the  Rut 
Xati'  i    arrived,    Ixjlongiiu'  to  Shekar/c/'trgoan    or  the 
Skunk     iuiw!  Lake    whict.  is  between  I    kc  Nipi-jjon  and 
Lake    Manontoye.     They    liroupht    mi    provisions   and 
furs,  which  I  bartered  for;  giving  them  rum.  a^  usual,  of 
wr     h   they  drank  freely   without   doing  an     mischief. 
Aficr  their  departure  we  were  short  of  provisi-  s  having 
a  larger  household  to  provide  for,  by  taking  I.     I'orme's 
men  into  my  scr\'ice.     We  were  reduced  to  u  few  fish 
and  some  wild  rice,  or  menomon  (which  are  kojjt  in  muc- 
cuc''s,  or  l)ark  boxes),  to  support  myself  and  .seventeen 
men,  the  allowance  to  eaci    being  only  a  hanc'ful  of  rice 
and  a   small  fish,   about    2lb.   weight,   which  is  lx)iled 
togetht-r  and  makes  pleasant  soup.     I  have  often  l>.  .n  sur- 
prised that  fish-broth  is  not  more  generally  used,  as  it  is 
certainly  very  palatable;  but  I  am  not  suilicientl .  informed 
in  medical  knowledge  to  speak  either  of  its  w  hoiesomeness 
or  nutritive  qualities.     Sturgeon  broth  is  .a-licious,  and 
leaves  a  pleasing  taste  on  the  tongue;  but  as  it  rather  in- 
creases the  appetite  for  food,  [ii8]  as  I  have  experienced, 
it  should  not  be  taken  but  when  there  is  plenty  of  meat  to 
be  got.    This  fish  is  very  common  in  Albany,  and  is  >■  .Id  at 
id.  per  lb.  York  currency.  The  flesh  is  called  Albany  beef. 


^'( 


■1/ 


4   ^ 


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156 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


Vti''i 


I  *•'• 


i! 


'!l! 


J, 


I    ., 


The  frost  continuing  very  severe,  and  no  appearance  of 
Indians  to  supply  our  wants,  we  were  obliged  to  take  ofif 
the  hair  from  the  bear  skins,  and  roast  the  hide,  which 
tastes  like  pork.  This,  with  some  tripe  de  roche  boiled, 
was  all  our  nourishment.'" 

Tripe  de  roche,  or  hawercoon,  is  a  weed  that  grows  to 
the  rocks,  of  a  spongy  nature,  and  very  unwholesome, 
causing  violent  pains  in  the  bowels,  and  frequently 
occasions  a  flux.  I  am  informed  the  traders  in  the  North- 
west, have  often  experienced  this  disorder;  and  some  of 
them,  in  very  severe  weather,  have  been  compelled  to  eat 
it  for  fourteen  days  successively,  which  weakened  them 
exceedingly.  When  the  disorder  does  not  terminate  in  a 
flux,  it  occasions  a  violent  vomiting,  and  sometimes 
spitting  of  blood,  with  acute  spasms  in  the  bowels. 

After  suffering  great  hardships,  I  advised  my  men  to 
make  marten  traps,  and  set  them  in  the  woods  as  they 
did  last  winter  at  ^,ac  la  Mort,  which  supplied  us  occa- 
sionally, but  very  siiort  of  our  real  wants.  At  last  a  band 
of  Indians  arrived  with  ten  slay  I  ad  of  meat  and  furs, 
which  relieved  us,  and  gave  us  fresh  spirits.  My  men  dis- 
covered them  at  a  distance,  and,  though  much  enfeebled 
by  severe  hunger,  put  on  their  snow-shoes  to  meet  them. 

It  is  surprising  what  efforts  nature  makes  to  support 
distress,  and  how  cheerfully  she  struggles  when  the  pros- 
pect of  relief  is  near  at  [119]  h-.io;  every  painful  recol- 
lection of  past  sufferings  quickly  ^vanishes,  and  new 
life  seems  to  breathe  through  every  vein.  Those  who  live 
in  constant  luxury,  and  are  ignorant  of  the  meaning  of 
the  bread  of  carefulness,  are  strangers  to  the  joy  arising 
from  an  unexpected  supply,  and  sitting  down  to  a  table 

"  Tripe  de  roche  is  a  lichen,  which  Henry  calls  wane  in  Chippewa.  See 
Henry,  Travels  (Bain  ed.),  pp.  214,  215. —  Ed. 


if'- 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


^S7 


in  the  wilderness.  Hunger  needs  not  the  borroweil  aid 
of  sauce;  and,  in  the  language  of  Pope,  "To  enjoy,  is  to 
obey.' ' —  How  delightful  is  such  obedience! 

The  Indians  seeing  our  distress  by  our  looks,  which 
were  very  meagre,  gave  us  all  their  provisions,  consisting 
of  bear,  racoon,  and  moose.  The  kettle  was  soon  put 
on  the  fire,  and  we  made  a  comfortable  repast,  with 
cheerful  hearts;  the  Indians  during  the  time  enjoying  the 
happiness  of  relieving  our  wants. 

Notwithstanding  the  cruelty  of  Savages,  they  possess 
virtues  which  do  honour  to  human  nature,  and  exhibit 
instances  of  generosity  and  kindness  which  the  most 
philanthropic  soul  cannot  exceed.  They  are  ignorant 
of  those  mean  sordid  sentiments  which  disgrace  many 
more  enlightened,  and  more  wealthy;  and  fiom  the 
knowledge  I  have  of  their  disposition,  I  am  sure  they 
would  blush  at  the  parsimonious  conduct  of  those  whom 
Providence  hath  blessed  with  affluence. 

After  the  repast,  the  chief  (not  willing  to  disturb  us  be- 
fore) asked  for  some  tobacco,  and  living  smoked  some 
time,  said  he  had  bad  news  to  tell  me,  which  some  Indians 
had  informed  him  of,  concerning  Mr.  Fulton,  then  at 
Shekarkistergoan,  and  which  he  was  sorry  to  relate,  as  it 
affected  him  exceedingly.  I  desired  him  to  finish  his 
pipe,  and  drink  a  glass  of  rum  before  he  began  the  .story; 
and  at  the  same  [120]  time  mentioned  my  surprise  at 
not  hearing  of  any  remarkable  circumstance,  having 
traded  with  a  band  of  the  Rat  nation  within  a  few  days, 
who  came  from  that  Lake.  He  told  me  he  had  met  the 
band,  and  related  the  affair  to  them,  who  were  much 
astonished;  but  as  Mr.  Fulton's  men  were  not  returned 
from  fishing  when  they  left  the  place,  the  transaction  was 
not  known  till  after  their  departure. 


H 


J       i' 


fl.-:-' 


1     i'-' 


.1 


li? E^rly  Western  Travels  [Voi.  2 

Mr.  Fulton  being  obliged  to  divide  his  men  into  two 
parties,  which  is  called  the  cawway,  or  casting  lots,  which 
party  shall  hunt  and  fish,  and  which  shall  stay  with  the 
master,  did  so  accordingly.    The  fishing  party  consisted 
of  Charles  Janvier,  Franfois  St.  Ange,  and  Lewis  Du- 
fresne,  all  natives  of  Canada,  who,  being  provided  with 
axes,  ice-cutters,  and  fishing  materials,  set  off,  and  at  the 
expiration  of  eight  days  arrived  at  a  convenient  place 
where  they  buUt  a  hut,  in  which  they  lived  for  some  time 
tolerably  weU;  but  fish  failing  them,  and  having  no  suc- 
cess in   huntmg,   they  were    almost  starved.    In   this 
situation,  said  the  chief,  the  bad  spirit  had  entered  into 
the  heart  of  Janvier,  and  he  being  the  strongest  man 
supported  hunger  better  than  his  companions,  by  which 
he  was  enabled  soon  after  to  effect  a  diabolical  purpose 
he  had  formed,  of  kiUing  the  first  Indian  who   should 
come  m  his  way,  and  which  he  had  declared  he  would 
do.    In  the  height  of  their  distress  Janvier  perceived  a 
Savage  at  some  distance,  with  a  load  at  his  back,  and 
instantly  returning  to  the  hut,  told  his  poor  dispirited 
partners  of   their  approaching  relief.    They   instanUy 
got  up,  though  very  weak,  and  came  out  of  the  hut  as 
fast  as  their  feeble  limbs  would  allow  them.    The  Indian 
arrived,  took  off  his  load,  which  was  only  two  otters,  and 
two  hares,  and  gave  them  to  Janvier,  who  received  them 
with  great  satisfaction;  and  when  he  had  skinned  them 
boUed  [121]  them  in  the  kettle  without  cleansing  them,  so 
extreme  was  their  hunger.    This  seasonable  relief  was 
soon  devoured,  and  from  the  eagerness  with  which  Janvier 
eat,  and  the  satisfaction  which  appeared  in  his  counte- 
nance when  he  looked  at  the  Savage,  the  men  were  in 
hopes  he  had  forgot  the  rash  determination  he  had 
formed,  and  flattered  themselves  his  mind  was  not  so 


1 768- 1 782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  i  CQ 

depraved  as  to  entertain  a  thought  of  doing  an  ii  i-'- 
to  the  man  whose  timely  assistance  had  saved  their  livos. 
The  next  morning  the  Indian  told  them  he  was  sorr>' 
he  could  not  assist  them  further,  having  no  ammunition, 
but  that  he  was  going  to  Mr.  Fulton  for  a  supply. 

Janvier's  heart  being  inexorable  even  to  the  kindness 
he  had  received,  desired  the  Savage  to  assist  him  in  plac- 
ing a  large  log  of  wood  on  the  fire,  as  his  companions  were 
unable  to  do  it.  The  Indian  cheerfully  complied,  and 
stooping  to  take  it  up,  Janvier  knocked  him  down  with 
an  axe  and  dragged  him  to  the  door  of  the  hut,  cut  him 
up,  and  with  the  most  unfeeling  barbarity  put  as  much 
of  the  flesh  of  his  deliverer  into  the  ke'^'e  as  he  thought 
sufficient  for  a  meal.  When  it  was  drcscd,  he  compelled 
Frangois  St.  Ange,  and  Louis  Dufresne,  to  partake  of  it, 
and  obliged  them  to  kiss  the  cross  which  hung  at  his 
breast,  and  swear  by  all  the  saints  never  to  reveal  the 
transaction;  threatening,  at  the  same  time,  that  if  they 
did  they  should  share  the  same  fate.  Intimidated  by 
his  threats,  and  the  certainty  that  he  would  fulfil  them, 
they  solemnly  promised  perfect  compliance  with  his  in- 
junctions. Having  overcome  their  first  aversion,  which 
extreme  hunger  had  occasioned,  they  ate  immoderately 
of  the  horrid  meal,  and  soon  after  fell  sick,  with  violent 
Teachings.  During  their  indisposition  they  complained 
to  each  other  softly,  that  it  was  eatin"  the  Indian's  flesh 
[122]  which  had  occasioned  their  sicknes..  Janvier  over- 
hearing them,  called  them  fools  and  rascals,  and  asked 
them  if  they  were  afraid  the  Savage  would  come  to  life 
again;  and  with  an  insolent  sneer  desired  them  to  tell 
him  which  they  thought  the  be-t  part  of  a  man  ?  The 
poor  fellows  only  replied  they  were  v.ry  sick  and  could 
not  tell  the  cause.    In  a  few  days  (having  no  other  pro- 


If.     .     « 

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Early  PTestem  Travels 


[Vol. 


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vision)  the  Indian  was  eaten  up,  and  Janvier  determined 
to  have  human  flesh  if  no  other  could  be  obtained     To 
this  end  he  sought  an  opportunity  to  quarrel  with  St. 
Ange-Dufresnc  not  daring  to  interfere  in  the  dispute 
Janvier  willing,  however,  to  appear  as  plausible  in  the 
eyes  of  Dufresne  as  possible,  widened  the  breach  very 
artfully,  till  pretenuing  he  was  no  longer  able  to  contain 
his  anger,  asked  Dufresne  if  he  did  not  think  St.  Ange 
deserved  the  Indian's  fate,  for  daring  to  say  he  would 
reveal  the  cu-cumstance  he  had  so  solemnly  sworn  to  con- 
ceal.   Dufresne  dreading  the  consequences  of  differing 
with  him  in  sentiment,  said  he  thought  St.  Ange  was  to 
blame;  upon  which  reply,  Janvier  immediately  struck 
him  with  an  axe,  and  kUled  him:  he  then  cut  him  up,  and 
boiled  a  part,  of  which  he  obliged  Dufresne  to  partake 
he  not  darmg  to  shew  any  reluctance.    Fortunately  for 
Dufresne  the  weather  became  more  moderate,  and  having 
caught  plenty  of  fish,  they  proposed  to  return  to  the^ 
master.    Janvier,   intoxicated   with   ideas   of  his   supe- 
riority, obliged  Dufresne  to  drag  him  in  an  Indian  slay 
to  Mr.  Fulton's  house -a  cruel  imposition  upon   him, 
and  a  dreadful  service  to  a  weak  emaciated   man!    but 
knowmg  he  was  unable  to  resist,  he  made  a  virtue  of 
necessity,  and  obeyed  the  tyrant  with  seeming  cheerful- 
ness.    On  the  journey  he  was  frequently  reminded  of  his 
oath,  and  the  fatal  consequences  that  would  attend  him 
If  he  should  ever  divulge  the  secret,  which  Janvier  assured 
him  would  produce  instant  death. 

[123]  Mr.  Fulton  was  much  rejoiced  at  their  return, 
bemg  m  want  of  his  men,  as  the  Indians  were  daily  coming 
in  with  their  winter  hunt.  Soon  after  their  arrival  he  made 
enquiry  after  St.  Ange  -  but  no  answer  was  given  He 
then  addressed  Janvier  directly  upon  the  subject,  who 


t\'    ^ 


1 768- 1 783]     J.  Lofig's  Voyages  and  Travels  1 6 1 

said  he  was  gone  on  the  hunt  with  a  chief  of  the  name  of 
Onnemay,  or  the  Sturgeon,  whom  Mr.  FuUon  knew,  and 
that  he  would  soon  return.  One  of  the  Canadians  con- 
tradicted him  by  saying  that  could  not  be  true,  as  Onne- 
may left  Mr.  Fulton's  house  the  day  before  their  return. 
Janvier  then  said  he  might  be  mistaken  in  the  chief's 
name,  as  he  was  not  well  acquainted  with  the  Indian 
language,  and  Dufresne,  for  fear  of  a  discovery  at  that 
time,  changed  the  conversation  in  hopes  of  pleasing 
Janvier. 

Several  days  elapsed,  and  St.  Ange  not  ictuming,  Jan- 
vier was  again  questioned,  who  told  them  as  before,  and 
appealed  to  Dufresne  for  the  truth  of  his  assertions,  which 
he  was  obliged  to  confirm. 

Mr.  Fulton  not  being  perfectly  satisfied,  examined  them 
apart;  from  Janvier  he  could  not  get  any  information,  but 
Dufresne  hesitated,  and  at  last  said  he  had  sworn  not  to 
reveal  — but  that  St.  Ange  would  never  return.— Mr. 
Fulton  endeavoured  to  convince  him  that  the  breach  of 
an  oath,  so  imposed,  was  no  crime;  and  in  the  end  he 
convinced  the  Canadian  that  it  was  so  far  from  being 
obligatory  in  the  sight  of  God,  that  it  would  be  a  sin  of 
the  most  heinous  nature  in  him  to  conceal  the  truth;  art- 
fully adding,  as  an  additional  argument  to  induce  him  to 
reveal  the  transaction,  that  if  he  had  no  doubt  he  was 
himself  perfectly  innocent,  he  could  not  have  any  honest 
motive  for  secrecy,  and  that  he  had  no  occasion  to  dread 
the  resentment  of  Janvier,  as  he  would  engage  to  [124] 
protect  him  from  all  hazard  by  the  discovery.    Thus 
persuaded  and  encouraged,  Dufresne  disclosed  the  whole 
affair,   but  requested   Mr.   Fulton's  secrecy,   which   he 
promised    until    the   conversation    should    be   renewed, 
when  it  was  agreed  that  he  should  relate  every  particu- 


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Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.2 


% 


lar  in  Janvier's  presence.  Janvier  was  repeatedly  urged 
by  the  rest  of  the  men  to  give  them  some  information 
respecting  the  absence  of  St.  Ange,  but  he  remained  ob- 
stinately silent:  some  of  them  went  so  far  as  to  accuse 
him  in  pretty  plain  terms  of  knowing  too  much  about 
him,  but  he  treated  their  insinuations  with  indifference. 

Mr.  Fulton  having  disposed  of  all  his  goods,  prepared 
to  leave  his  wintering  ground,  and  every  thing  being 
properly  arranged  they  departed.    The  first  night  after 
their  departure  Mr.  Fulton  loaded  a  brace  of  pistols, 
and  having  previously  acquainted  his  men  with  the  dis- 
covery Dufresne  had  made,  and  the  punishment  he  in- 
tended for  the  villain,  came  out  of  his  tent  and  stood  by 
the  fire  round  which  the  Canadians  were  seated.    The 
conversation  about  St.  Ange  being  purposely  renewed, 
Mr.  Fulton  remarked  it  was  cruel  to  leave  him  in  the 
woods  with  the  Indians,  and  blamed  Janvier  particularly, 
as  he  was  the  foreman  of  the  party,  and  therefore  the 
more  responsible.    Janvier  nettled  at  the  repetition  of  the 
subject,  (for  guilt  is  soon  angry)  replied  that  St.  Ange 
was  able  to  take  care  of  himself,  and  that  he  had  not  any 
controul  over  him.    Dufresne  was  then  censured;  upon 
which,  agreeably  to  the  plan  settled  with  Mr.  Fulton,  he 
divulged  the  whole  transaction,  and  gave  a  full  account  of 
every  particular  of  Janvier's  conduct.    Janvier  attempted 
to  take  instant  revenge  for  the  aspersion,  as  he  called  it, 
and  denied  the  charge  with  the  most  hardened  effrontery 
and   solemn   asseverations.    Mr.   Fulton   then   thought 
It  a  proper  time  [125]  to  interfere;  and  to  cover  him 
if  possible  with  confusion,  asked  him  "which  was  the 
best  part  of  a  man  ?"    Janvier  replied,  with  ready  inso- 
lence, that  those  who  had  eaten  human  flesh  could  easDy 
tell:  but  being  repeatedly  urged,  and  at  length  thrown 


. 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels  1 6  3 

oflf  his  guard,  he  reph'cd  in  great  wrath,  the  feet      The 
party  encouraged  by  this  confession,  pressed  the  charge 
till  at  last  he  confessed  the  facts  he  was  accused  of,  and 
declared  that  in  a  similar  situation  he  would  kill  his 
brother. 

Mr.  Fulton  could  no  longer  suppress  his  resentment 
and  going  up  to  Janvier,  told  him  he  was  an  abandoned 
villain,  first  for  killing  a  harmless  Indian  who  had  gen- 
erously relieved  his  wants,  and  afterwards  eating  him 
like  a  cannibal;  that  not  content  with  these  atrocious 
acts    he  had  encreased  his  guilt  by  another  deliberate 
murder  on  a  defenceless  man,  his  companion,  his  fellow- 
labourer,  and  friend;  that  he  was  a  disgrace  to  human 
nature,  and  ought  not  to  be  suffered  to  live  a  moment 
longer;  and  without  allowing  him  time  to  reply,  shot  him 
through  the  head.     The  men  were  ordered  to  bury  him 
and  in  the  morning  Mr.  Fulton  continued  his  journey  to 
Mtchtlhmakinac,   where  on  his  arrival  he  surrendered 
himself  to  the  commanding  officer,  who  on  a  close  exami- 
nation of  the  men,  honourably  acquitted  him;  b-.t   recom- 
mended him  not  to  venture  again  into  those  parts,  where 
the  Indian  was  kQled,  lest  the  Savages  should  hear  of  the 
transaction,  and  resent  the  death  of  one  of  their  tribe 
whereby  the  innocent  might  suffer  for  the  acts  of  the 
guilty." 

In  the  month  of  February  I  had  a  visit  from  a  trader 
dressed  in  a  smr'.,^  leather  shirt;  who  was  accompanied 
by  three  Ind  us,  ;  ud  had  been  absent  five  days  from 
Fort  Albany.'     Hr-  said  he  was  induced  to  come  [126] 

"  On  the  subject  of  justice  in  the  forest,  as  exercised  by  the  British  com- 
panies, see  Bancroft.  Norlhwesl  Coast,  i,  pp.  538-542.-  Ed. 

centu,^°"lt'i'"  •  """.'f'  ^/.":'  ""'^"'^  ^^y  ^""P-y  '"  'he  seventeenth 
ten  ury.  It  was  m  a  sheltered  inlet,  forty  yards  fron.  ,he  borders  of  James  Bay 
on  the  south  stde  of  Albany  River.    In  ,686  it  was  attacked  and  capt"    d  by 


■m 


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from  a  motive  of  curiosity  to  see  me,  not  having  heard  of 
any  person  wintering  so  far  inland  before,  except  the 
servants  belonging  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.    At 
that  time  I  had  very  little  provisions,  and  eight  men  to 
maintain,  besides  Mr.  Joseph  La  Forme's  Canadians; 
our  chief  food  was  tripe  de  roche\  on  his  arrival  the  kettle 
was  on  the  fire  with  the  leaves:  he  asked  what  food  I  had; 
I  ordered  some  to  be  taken  out  of  the  pot,  and  put  into  a 
bark  dish,  which  he  tasted,  but  could  not  swallow.     I 
informed  him  that  it  had  been  a  principal  part  of  our 
diet  for  many  days,  and  in  the  best  of  times  we  had 
nothing  but  wild  animal  food,  and  seldom  any  flour,  as 
the  quantity  of  Indian  com  we  were  able  to  bring  along 
with  us  from  Pays  Plat  was  not  sufficient  to  last  the  winter. 
When  I  had  given  him  a  description  of  my  mode  of  liv- 
ing, which  he  confessed  was  very  different  from  the  com- 
forts he  enjoyed,  I  took  him  into  my  store,  and  shewed 
him  the  packs  of  beaver  I  had  collected:  this  increased 
his  surprise,  as  he  could  not  conceive  how  it  was  possible 
to  transport  a  sufficient  quantity  of  goods  to  barter  for  the 
value  I  seemed  to  be  in  possession  of.    He  asked  me  to 
return  with  him,  and  promised  to  supply  me  with  pro- 
visions; but  I  told  him  I  was  engaged  in  an  employ,  and 
had  supported  the  same  disagreeable  situation  the  pre- 
ceding winter  at  Lac  la  Mort;  and  as  I  could  not  expect 
to  pass  my  life  among  the  Indians  with  so  much  ease  as  in 
England,  my  duty  obliged  me  to  remain  till  the  season 
was  over,  when  I  should  return  and  endeavour  to  make 
myself  some  amends  for  the  hardships  I  had  endured,  by 

Troyes's  expedition;  and  Ibenille  re-christened  the  post,  Fort  Stc.  Anne.  It 
remained  in  French  hands  until  16Q3,  when  retaken  by  the  English,  who  never 
again  lost  it,  although  besieged  by  the  French  in  1704.  The  later  fort  was 
built  on  Factory  Island,  in  the  mouth  of  the  river,  about  two  and  one-half 
miles  from  the  old  fort  on  the  mainland  —  Ed. 


1768-1783]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  165 

Riving  a  good  account  of  the  merchandise  intrusted  to 
my  care,  and  receiving  a  reward  for  my  labours.  In  the 
morning  he  took  his  leave,  wishing  me  the  speedy  arrival 
of  some  Indians  who  might  be  able  to  relieve  me  from 
such  pressing  necessity  by  supplying  me  with  plenty  of 
more  nourishing  and  palatable  food. 

[127]  This  civUity  from  one  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany's scr\ants  leads  me  to  make  some  few  observations 
in  vindication  of  that  respectable  body,  whose  character 
has  been  so  severely,  and  I  think  so  unjustly,  censured. 

Mr.  Joseph  Robson,  one  of  the  company's  servants, 
who  resided  in  their  factory  six  years  as  surveyor  and 
supervisor  of  the  buildings,  in  a  work  published  by  him 
some  years  since,"  animadverts  in  very  strong  terms  on 
the  mode  in  which  the  governors  of  forts  exert  what  he 
calls  their  uncontroulable  authority,  and  asserts  that  their 
extreme  tyranny  is  a  perpetual  source  of  personal  disgust. 
He  also  says,  that  "the  overplus  trade  is  big  with  iniquity, 
and  no  less  inconsistent  with  the  company's  true  interest! 
than  it  is  injurious  to  the  natives,  who  by  means  of  it  are 
become  more  and  more  alienated,  and  are  either  dis- 
couraged from  hunting  at  all,  or  induced  to  carry  all 
their  furs  to  the  French."    It  may  be  necessary  here  to 
observe,  that  the  overplus  trade  arises  from  the  peltry 
wWch  the  company's  servants  obtain  in  barter  with  the 

"Joseph  Robson  went  out  to  Hudson  Bay  in  ,733,  as  a  stone-mason,  and 
was  employed  m  the  construction  of  Fort  Churchill.  He  appears  to  have  had 
disagreemenu  with  the  governor,  and  returned  to  England  in  1736.  In  1744 
he  was  again  sent  out  as  surveyor  and  superintendent  of  buildings  at  York 
factory  and  explored  the  Nelson  River.  Returning  to  England  in  ,747,  he 
testified  on  behalf  of  the  Company  in  ,749,  before  the  House  of  Commons 
committee;  but  some  years  later  published  a  work.  An  Account  of  Six  Years' 
Residence  in  Hudson's  Bay  (U>ndon,  ,75,),  in  which  he  animadverts  against 
the  treatment  of  servants  and  Indians  by  the  Company's  governors.  Long 
attempts  to  controvert  him  in  this  paragraph;  but  on  p.  ,70  he  uses  his  testi- 
mony in  favor  of  the  management  of  the  Company.—  Ed. 


/I  m 


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[Vol.  1 


natives  beyond  the  ratio  stipulated  by  the  company,  and 
which  belongs  to  themselves. 

This  is  a  heavy  charge,  and,  if  true,  a  very  proper  cause 
of  complaint;  but  it  should  seem  there  is  not  sufficient 
ground  for  the  accusation,  for  Mr.  Robson  aiterwards 
says  that  this  overplus  trade  is  of  little  advantage  to  them, 
for  "that  part  of  it,  they  always  add  to  the  comi)any's 
stock,  for  the  sake  of  enhancing  the  merit  of  their  ser- 
vices, and  apply  the  remainder  to  their  own  use,  which  is 
often  e.xpended  in  bribes  to  skreen  their  faults,  and  con- 
tinue them  in  their  command."    What  a  strange  degree 
of  folly,  as  Will  as  of  guilt!  that  the  governors  are  so 
[128]  weak  and  so  wicked  as  to  commit  enormities  only  to 
make  a  temporary  advantage,  and  are  obliged  to  distrib 
ute  the  wages  of  iniquity  in  order  to  skreen  themselves 
from  its  consequences  among  the  company,  and  their 
confederates  in  vice;  whereas  by  a  contrary  conduct  they 
would  be  equally  rich,  more  respected,  and  also  feel  an 
inward  satisfaction  of  mind  from  the  consciousness  of 
having  discharged  their  trust  with  integrity;  ideas  too 
absurd  to  be  admitted.    With  regard  to  the  company,  it 
cannot  be  supposed  they  are  ignorant  of  this  "overplus 
trade,"  or  the  means  by  which  their  servants  obtain  the 
advantages  arising  from  it;  if  they  are  not,  and  no  impar- 
tial person  wUl  suppose  they  are,  they  not  only  allow  but 
approve  of  the  conduct  of  their  governors,  from  a  con- 
viction of  its  being  beneficial  to  the  interests  of  the  com- 
pany; a  proper  reward  for  the  labours  of  their  servants,  or 
from  some  other  motive,  which  because  it  is  adopted  by 
men  so  respectable,  and  so  much  above  reproach    must 
be  allowed  to  be  wise  and  prudent. 

In  the  next  place,  I  believe  it  will  be  very  difficult  to 
prove  that  the  conduct  of  the  governors  has  "alienated 


J- 


>768-i78a]      /.  Long's  royag»j  a„J  Travels  167 

the  natives  from  the  company's  interest,  and  distou raced 
them  from  hunting."  The  former  is  at  |,res<.>nt  by  no 
means  clear,  as  I  am  credibly  informed  the  New  North- 
west Company, '«  whose  trade  extends  to  the  boundaries 
of  the  settlements  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  find 
very  little  encouragement  from  the  Indians;  if  therefore 
the  natives  were  disgusted,  they  would  embrace  the 
first  opportunity  of  shewing  their  dish'ke,  by  carrying 
their  peltry  to  the  new  traders;  nothing  can  be  more  natural 
than  to  expect  that  this  would  be  the  consequence;  but  as 
they  have  not  done  so,  the  inference  is  fair  that  they  are 
not  disgusted. 

[129]  Another  observation  is,  "that  the  cruel  and  op- 
pressive behaviour  of  the  governors  and  captains  towards 
the  inferior  servants,  not  only  deters  useful  people  from 
engaging  in  the  company's  service  (a  circumstance  they 
should  attend  to  for  their  own  interest),  but  furnishes  one 
pretext  for  the  bad  character  that  is  given  of  the  com- 
pany." 

Though  in  the  particular  department  in  which  I  have 
been  many  years  engaged  as  an  Indian  interpreter  and 
trader,  I  have  had  few  opportunities  of  a  personal  and 
mtimate  acquaintance  with  many  of  the  company's  ser- 
vants (having  been  in  a  commerce  in  direct  opposition 
to  their  mterest),  yet  I  can  speak  with  confidence  in  re- 
gard to  some  of  them  whom  I  have  conversed  with-  that 
m  every  point  of  view  I  believe  them  to  be  useful  ser- 
vants, and  well  skilled  in  the  language  of  the  natives  — 
So  far  in  answer  to  the  assertion  "that  useful  people  are 
deterred  from  entering  into  the  service."  And  by  way 
of_refuting  the  charge  of  "cruelty  and  oppression,"  T 


'1      ' 


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Early  Western  Travels 


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need  only  add,  what  none  I  think  will  deny,  that  they 
have  been  so  well  satisfied  with  the  conduct  of  their 
superiors,  that  many  of  them  have  continued  in  the  ser- 
vice more  than  twenty  years. 

I  believe,  upon  the  whole,  it  will  appear  that  the  con- 
duct of  the  governors  at  home  and  abroad,  is  perfectly 
consistent  with  the  true  interests  of  the  company,  and 
that  any  other  mode  of  bf  haviour  would  tend  to  anarchy 
and  confusion;  and  I  must  declare  for  my  own  part  th- 1 
I  never  heard  of  that  personal  disgust  which  Mr.  Robson 
so  much  complains  of,  but  have  rather  found  an  anxious 
solicitude  to  be  employf  d  in  their  service. 

[130]  Mr.  Carver,  in  hi.'^  liistory  of  North  America,  oh 
serves,  "that  on  the  wators  v. hie!.  fJl  into  Lake  Winne- 
peek,  the  neighbouring  nation^^  mke  a  great  many  furs, 
some  of  them  they  cart)'  to  the  iJudson's  Bay  Company's 
factories,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bourbon  River, 
but  this  they  do  with  reluctance  on  several  accounts;  for 
some  of  the  Amnipoils  and  Killistinoe  Indians,"  who 
usually  traded  with  the  company's  servants,  told  him 
that  if  they  could  be  sure  of  a  constant  supply  of  goods 
from  Michillimakinac,  they  would  not  trade  any  where 
else;  that  they  shewed  him  some  cloth,  and  other  articles 
purchased  at  Hudson's  Bay,  with  which  they  were  much 
dissatisfied,  thinking  they  had  been  greatly  imposed  on 
in  the  barter." 

'•  The  CrisUnaux  (Kiristinou,  KilUstinoe)  Indians,  now  known  as  Crecs,  arc 
Algonquian  tribes  who  have  alwa)-5  been  associated  with  the  Asfiniboins  (Assi- 
mpoils),  a  Siouan  tribe  derived  early  from  the  Yankton  Dakotas.  Their  habitat 
has  been  the  wildeme-a  between  Lake  Superior  and  Hudson  Bay,  and  the  land 
to  the  west  as  far  as  the  Assiniboin  and  Saskatchewan  rivets.  They  were  well 
known  to  the  early  French  explorers  (see  Wiuonsin  Hisloricai  Collections, 
XVI),  and  were  the  chief  Indians  with  whom  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  traded. 
They  stiU  number  over  twelve  thousand.  Sec  Henry,  Travels  (Bain  ed  ),  p 
»49. —  Ed. 


1768  i7«a)     y.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels 


69 


.!i  . 


To  this  Mr.  Carver  adds, ' '  that  allowing  their  accounts 
true,  he  could  not  help  joininj;;  in  their  opinion;'  but 
afterwards  he  admits  that  this  dissatisfacticm  might 
probably  proceed,  in  a  great  measure,  from  the  i^trijcues 
of  the  Canadiiin  traders:  and  that  the  method  th.  v  UryV 
to  withdraw  the  Indian-  from  tin- -  attachmi-nt  10  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  and  t(,  engage  their  good 
opiniitr  in  behalf  of  their  new  employers,  was  by  de- 
^  reciating,  on  all  occasion^,  the  company's  goods,  and 
magnifying  the  advantages  that  would  arise  to  them 
from  trafficking  entirely  with  the  Canadian  traders;  in 
this  they  too  well  succeeded;  and  from  this,  doubtless, 
did  the  dissatisfaction  which  the  Assinipoils  and  A'j7/w- 
tinoes  proceed."  But,  says  he,  further,  another  reason 
augmented  it,  the  length  of  the  journey  to  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Factories,  which  they  informed  him  look  up  three 
mouths  during  the  summer  heats  to  go  and  return,  and 
from  the  smallness  of  their  canoes  they  could  not  carry 
more  than  one-third  of  the  beaver  they  [131]  killed,  so 
that  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  Indians  should 
wish  to  have  traders  come  to  reside  among  them."  As 
Mr.  Carver  did  not  travel  in  the  interior  parts  as  a  trader, 
he  could  not  have  any  interested  commercial  motives;  on 
fhat  account  he  is  certainly  entitled  to  credit  as  an  impar- 
u.  1  observer;  the  public  will  judge  of  his  remarks,  and 
how  far  they  tend  to  censure,  or  approve,  the  conduct  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 

I  am  induced  to  indulge  this  digression  in  consequence 
of  a  new  publication  on  the  present  state  of  Hudson's  Bay 
by  Mr.  Umfrevillc." 

"  This  was  the  work  of  Edward  Umfreville,  Present  State  of  Hudson''  Bay 
(London,  1790),  written  with  a  view  of  opposing  the  continuance  of  the  Com- 
pany's charter,  and  exposing  the  practices  of  the  ..iTucrs.  Umfreville  had  been 
in  the  service  of  the  Company  from  1771  to  1783  —  Ed. 


I     '4     . 


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Early  Western  Travels 


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It   has  unfortunately  happened   that  the  company's 
enemies  have  been  frequently  of  their  own  household,  per- 
sons in  whom  they  placed  confidence  and  to  whom  they 
entrusted  the  mysteries  of  their  commerce.    Diflferences 
wUl  naturally  arise,  and  doubdess  have  arisen  between 
the  governors  and  their  servants,  in  which  case  no  man 
IS,  or  ought  to  be,  obliged  to  stay  in  a  service  that  is 
disagreeable  to  him;  but  then  it  is  certainly  sufficient  to 
leave  the  employ,  and  highly  improper  to  endeavour  to 
prejudice  the  interest  he  once  thought  and  felt  it  his  duty 
to  promote;  and  I  am  of  opinion  that  not  a  single  tran- 
saction, or  circumstance,  should  be  revealed  that  has 
not  an  immediate  reference  to  the  cause  of  the  disagree- 
ment, or  is  necessary  to  support  or  vindicate  a  reputation. 
The  present  governors  are  men  of  great  probity,  and 
probably  may  not  condescend  to  take  notice  of  these 
heavy  charges  against  them;  but  as  the  most  exalted 
virtue  may  be  injured  by  groundless  assertions,  I  trust 
the  public  will  not  be  displeased  with  any  endeavours, 
however  feeble,  to  vindicate  the  character  of  so  respecta- 
ble a  body.    As  I  do  not  intend  to  enter  on  the  subject 
more  fully,  I  shall  only  entreat  the  reader,  if  [132]  he 
wishes  further  satisfaction  on  this  head,  to  peruse  the 
publication  of  Mr.  Robson,  who  was  one  of  the  company's 
servants,  and  who,  Mr.  UmfrcvUle  acknowledges  to  be 
a  true  and  impartial  writer.    From  his  account  the  reader 
will  judge  of  the  propriety  of  Mr.  Umfreville's  censures 
on  the  conduct  of  the  governors  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company.     A  more  copious  examination  of  Mr.  Umfre- 
vUle's  publication  would  exceed  the  limits  I  have  pre- 
scribed to  myself;  and  I  cannot  but  think  that  those  who 
peruse  it  will  readily  perceive  how  much  injustice  he  has 
done  to  the  governors  and  the  company. 


fi33]  Arrival  of  more  Indians.—  Rum  gets  short;  adopt  the 
usual  Mode  to  encrease  the  Stock,  -which  enables  us  to 
conclude  our  Traffic  for  the  Season.—  Take  leave  of  the 
Indians,  and  proceed  on  our  Journey  homewards.— 
Account  of  an  Indian  Courtship.—  Servile  State  of  the 
Women  after  Marriage.— Observations  an  the  Confi- 
dence which  the  Indians  put  in  the  Master  of  Life,— 
&'c.—  Arrive  safe  at  Pays  Plat. 

Soon  after  the  departure  of  the  trader,  a  large  band, 
consisting  of  about  loo,  came  in;  my  stock  of  rum 
was  very  small,  which  was  a  misfortune,  as  rum  is  too 
important  in  treaties  with  the  Indians  to  be  easily  dis- 
pensed with.  On  their  arrival  they  wished  to  drink,  but 
I  continued  to  barter  for  all  their  furs  before  I  gave  them 
any  rum:  having  finished  the  business,  they  grew  clamor- 
ous, when  I  gave  them  as  much  rum  as  I  could  spare, 
upon  receipt  of  which  they  embarked  in  tolerable  good 
humour. 

In  the  month  of  April  the  last  band  came  in,  and  I  was 
extremely  perplexed  how  to  act,  having  a  very  small  por- 
tion of  rum,  and  no  prospect  of  encreasing  my  stock;  I 
was  therefore  obliged  to  dilute  it  so  as  to  make  it  about 
one-fifth  part  weaker  than  usual,  which  made  twenty 
gallons  of  very  passable  Indian  rum.  Having  supplied 
them  [134]  with  wearing  apparel,  &c.  and  received  their 
peltry,  I  gave  them  a  taste  of  the  scuttaywabo,  and  just 
before  my  embarkation  made  the  following  speech : 

"Haguarmissey  cockinnor  an  Nishinnorbay  kee  wa- 
bindan  cawwickcar  nin  serpargussey  nee  zargetoone,  keen- 
nerwind  kaygo  kee  cushkendum  webatch  neennerwind 
tercushenan  nepewar  annacotchigon  nin  ojey  petoone.  Wa 
haguarmissey    cockinnor    meenwendesay    bazam    Ebeck- 


••  f  I 


j. 

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Early  Western  Travels 


[Vd.  3 


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check  megoyyack  debwoye  neegee  kaygo  arwayyor  matchee 
oathty,  kce  cannawendan  cockinnor,  mokoman,  baskeyzegan 
goyer  becha,  kee  minniquy  kaygo  arwayyor  annascartissey 
woke,  mornooch  kee  permartissyan  cockinnor  an  Nishin- 
norbay  nogome  debwoye  negee  nepewar  artawway  winnin 
ojey  zargetoone  an  Nishinnorbay,  keshpin  suggermarch 
wevnewar  metach  nin  ojcy  debarchemon  kitchee  ojemaw 
avMssa  woity  kitchee  wakaygan  Michillimakinac  metach 
haygoshish  ween  ojey  bockeUywaun  keennerwind. 

"Now,  my  friends,  take  courage,  I  have  always  shewn 
you  a  good  heart,  and  you  all  know  I  am  full  of  pity 
for  you,  your  wives,  and  chUdren;  therefore  do  not  be 
uneasy,  or  think  the  time  long  I  shall  be  absent  from  you. 
I  hope  the  Master  of  Life  wUl  give  me  courage  and 
strength  to  return  to  you,  and  bring  you  goods.    Now, 
as  you  know  I  have  no  sugar  on  my  lips,  nor  any  spear 
at  my  tongue,  and  that  my  ears  are  not  stopt,  nor  my 
heart  bound  up,  I  hope  you  wUl  deliver  up  your  knives, 
guns,  and  tomahawks,  and  have  no  bad  heart  before  you 
begin  to  drink,  so  that  on  my  return  I  may  find  you  all 
well.    I  shaU  speak  with  [135J  courage  to  the  great  Eng 
hsh  chief,  at  MichUlimakinac,  and  he  will  open  his  heart 
to  you." 

Having  finished  my  speech,  the  weapons  were  collected 
and  delivered  to  me.  I  then  gave  them  a  considerable 
quantity  of  rum,  after  which  I  returned  their  knives,  &:c. 
to  convince  them  of  the  good  opinion  I  entertained  of 
them,  and  that  I  had  no  doubt  but  they  would  attend  to 
the  advice  I  had  given  them.  I  then  got  into  my  canoe, 
and  waving  my  hand,  was  saluted  by  a  discharge  of  200 
guns,  which  I  returned  by  one  volley,  and  pursued  my 
journey  in  good  spirits,  heartily  pleased  at  leaving  my 
winter  quarters. 


i/    a) 


*   *  I 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  173 

We  continued  our  voyage  without  meeting  with  any 
occurrence  worth  relating  till  we  arrived  at  the  Skunk's 
River,  where  I  had  unfortunately  shot  off  a  chief's  ear, 
as  I  have  before  related.  Here  I  met  with  the  new-mar- 
ried couple,  and  some  of  the  same  band  to  whom  I  was 
so  much  obliged  in  the  preceding  December  for  singing 
the  love-songs;  and  being  desirous  of  obtaining  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  their  manners  and  customs,  I  made  many 
inquiries,  and  among  other  knowledge  gained  informa- 
tion of  the  Chippeway  form  of  courtship,  which  I  pre- 
sume wUl  be  acceptable  to  those  who  have  as  much 
curiosity  as  myself." 

INDIAN   COURTSHIP 

VVhen  an  Indian  wishes  to  take  a  wife,  and  sees  one  to 
his  mind,  he  applies  to  the  father  of  the  girl,  and  asks  his 
consent  in  the  following  words: 

[i36]"iVoce,v,  cunner  kee  darmissey  kee  darniss  nee 
zargayyar  kakaygo  O  waterworwardoossin  cawween  peccan 
weeitey  ganimat  oltertassey  vn'T^'-yjis  mee  mor: ' 

"Father,  I  love  your  daughter,  v>ill  you  give  her  to  me, 
that  the  small  roots  of  her  heart  may  entangle  with  mine, 
so  that  the  strongest  wind  that  blows  shall  never  separate 
them." 

If  the  father  approves,  an  interview  is  appointed,  for 
which  the  lover  prepares  by  a  perspiration;  he  then  comes 
into  her  presence,  sits  down  on  the  ground,  and  smokes 
his  pipe:  during  the  time  of  smoking,  he  keeps  throwing 
small  pieces  of  wood,  of  about  an  inch  in  length  at  her 
one  by  one  to  the  number  of  one  hundred.  As  many  as 
she  can  catch  in  a  bark  lx)wl,  so  many  presents  her  lover 

"On  this  subject  of  courtship  and  marriage,  see  also  Grant,  "Sauteux 
Indians,"  in  .Masson,  Bourgeois,  ii,  pp.  jiy-jji. —  Ed. 


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must  make  to  her  father,  which  he  considers  as  pay- 
ment for  his  daughter.  The  young  warrior  then  gives 
a  feast,  to  which  he  invites  all  the  famUy  -  when  the 
feast  is  done,  they  dance  and  sing  their  war  songs.—  The 
merriment  being  over,  and  mutual  pres-  cs  exchanged 
between  the  lover  and  her  relations,  the  father  covers 
them  with  a  beaver  robe,  and  gives  them  likewise  a  new 
gun  and  a  birch  canoe,  with  which  the  ceremony  ends. 

When  the  French  became  masters  of  Canada,  the 
ceremony  of  marriage  between  the  Savages  was  very 
fantastical. 

When  a  lover  wished  his  mistress  to  be  informed  of  his 
affection,  he  procured  an  interview  with  her,  which  was 
always  at  night,  and  in  [137]  the  presence  of  some  of  her 
friends;  this  was  conducted  in  the  following  manner: 

He  entered  the  wigwam,  the  door  of  which  was  com- 
monly a  skin,  and  went  up  to  the  hearth  on  which  .some 
hot  coals  were  burning;  he  then  lighted  a  stick  of  wood 
and  approaching  his  mistress,  pulled  her  three  times  by 
the  nose,  to  awaken  her;  this  was  done  with  decency,  and 
bemg  the  custom,  the  squaw  did  not  feel  alarmed  at  the 
liberty.  This  ceremony,  ridiculous  as  it  may  appear, 
was  continued  occasionally  for  two  months,  both  parties 
behaving  during  the  time  in  all  other  respects,  with  the 
greatest  circumspection. 

The  moment  she  becomes  a  wife,  she  loses  her  liberty, 
and  is  an  obsequious  slave  to  her  husband,  who  never 
loses  sight  of  his  prerogative.  Wherever  he  goes  she 
must  follow,  and  durs*  not  venture  to  incense  him  by  a 
refusal,  knowing  that  if  she  neglects  him,  extreme  punish- 
ment, if  not  death,  ensues.  The  chief  liberty  he  allows 
her  IS  to  dance  and  sing  in  his  company,  and  is  seldom 
known  to  take  any  more  notice  of  her  than  of  the  most 


1768-178J]     J.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels  175 

indifferent  person:  while  she  is  obh'ged  to  perform  the 
drudgery  of  life,  which  custom  or  insensibility  enables  her 
to  do  with  the  utmost  cheerfulness. 

A  circumstance  of  this  kind  I  recollect  reading  which 
happened  at  Beaver  Creek,  about  twenty-five  miles  from 
Fort  Pitt.  An  Indian  woman  observing  some  white 
men  to  carry  fire- wood  on  their  shoulders,  took  up  her 
hatchet,  and  brought  them  in  a  short  time  a  great  burden 
on  her  back;  and  throwing  it  down  by  the  fire,  said,  she 
not  only  pitied  [138]  thorn,  but  thought  it  was  a  great 
scandal  to  see  men  doing  that  which  was  properly  the 
work  of  women. 

The  men  consider  women  as  of  no  other  use  but  to 
produce  them  children,  and  to  perform  the  drudgeries  of 
life;  as  to  the  ofTspring,  he  prefers  the  sons  to  the  daugh- 
ter, because  he  expects  they  will  all  prove  warriors.  The 
daughters  they  do  not  value  for  the  same  reason  that 
they  subjugate  their  wives,  deeming  them  worthy  only 
to  wait  on  warriors  and  do  those  things  which  would  dis- 
grace the  male  sex. 

We  pursued  our  journey  to  Lac  le  Nid  au  Corbcau, 
where  we  killed  some  wild  geese  and  ducks,  which  at  this 
season  of  the  year  have  a  fishy  taste.  Here  we  rested 
two  days  to  enable  us  to  pursue  the  remainder  of  our 
voyage  with  greater  vigour.  The  third  morning,  at  day- 
break, we  embarked,  and  arrived  at  La  grande  Cote  de  la 
Roche,  where  we  were  fortunate  enough  to  kill  two  bears, 
which  eat  remarkably  fine,  and  having  some  leisure  time 
to  spare  in  the  cookery,  we  enjoyed  them  with  as  high  a 
relish  as  in  better  situations  we  had  done  more  luxuriant 
meals. 

We  proceeded  to  Cranberry  Lake,  where  we  caught 
some  fish,  and  picked  as  many  cranberries  as  we  could 


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conveniently  carry;  from  thence  we  continued  our  route 
to  Portage  la  Rame,  where  we  were  again  wind-bound 
for  some  days;  but  during  our  stay  we  had  not  a  single 
visitor  to  disturb  us.  At  length  the  wind  proving  favour- 
able, we  proceeded  to  Riviere  la  Pique;  on  my  arrival  I 
was  immediately  struck  with  the  remembrance  of  the 
escape  I  had  from  Payshik  Ogashey  [139]  last  year;  but 
my  mind  was  almost  as  instantly  relieved  by  the  recol- 
lection of  his  being  kUled,  and  no  longer  a  terror  to 
traders. 

This  was  one  among  many  instances  in  which  I  found 
that  when  the  heart  is  oppressed  with  unpleasant  recol- 
lections, or  forebodings,  the  Author  of  our  Being  conveys 
relief  to  the  mind  very  unexpectedly.    This  sudden  transi- 
tion we  are  too  apt  to  impute  to  our  own  wisdom,  and 
to  attribute  the  escape  from  dangers  we  have  experienced, 
or  the  hopes  of  deliverance  which  we  form,  entirely  to 
our  own  sagacity,  and  foresight.    The  Indians,  on  the 
contrary,  think  more  properly;  they  say  it  is  the  Master  of 
Life  from  whom  we  derive  that  presence  of  mind  which 
has  extricated  or  procured  us  relief.    To  the  Master  of 
Life  the  Indian   addresses   himself  even  for  his  daUy 
support.—  To  him  he  imputes  his  victories  and  his  suc- 
cess; and  when  subdued,  and  fastened  to  the  stake,  he 
thanks  him  for  giving  him  courage  to  open  his  veins.—  It 
is  this  confidence  which  enables  him  to  bear  the  severest 
tortures  with  composure,  and  in  the  height  of  anguish,  to 
defy  the  utmost  malice  of  his  enemies. 

Notwithstanding  the  Chippeways,  as  well  as  the  greater 
part  of  the  Indian  nations,  of  North  America,  think  so 
justly,  it  is  to  be  lamented  that  it  is  not  universally  so 
The  Mattaugwessawauks,  it  is  said,  do  not  worship  a 
Supreme  Being,  and  that  when  success  attends  them  in 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Traiels  177 

war,  they  attribute  the  merit  of  the  victory  to  their  own 
valour  and  skill.  But  notwithstanding  their  disWicf 
of  a  Master  of  Life,  in  some  respects,  they  arc  not  less 
superstitious  than  other  Savages,  for  they  think  that  cer- 
tain places  are  haunted  by  evil  spirits,  whose  power  they 
dread,  and  impressed  with  these  ideas  cautiously  avoid 
them.  Another  proof  [140]  of  their  superstition  is,  if  one 
of  their  people  is  killed  by  accident,  they  preserve  a  hand 
or  a  foot,  which  they  salt,  and  dry,  and  keep  as  a  charm 
to  avert  calamities;  by  which  it  appears,  that  although 
they  do  not  acknowledge  a  dependance  on  a  good  spirit, 
they  entertain  fears  and  apprehensions  of  a  bad  one; 
which  induces  one  to  hope  that  such  a  deviation  from  the 
common  belief  of  mankind  may  never  be  confirmed,  as 
it  would  stamp  human  nature  with  an  odium  too  horrid 
to  think  of.  But  to  conclude  this  digression  —  we  con- 
tinued our  voyage  to  Pays  Plat,  where  we  stayed  some 
days  in  the  society  of  traders,  who  had  also  wintered  in  the 
inlands,  and  others  who  arrived  with  goods  to  supply 
those  who  were  engaged  to  return;  but  as  my  time  was 
expired,  I  returned  to  Mkhillimakinac.  After  waiting 
on  the  commanding  officer,  and  giving  an  account  of  my 
stewardship  to  my  employers,  I  retired  to  Chippcway 
Point,  a  spot  of  ground  out  of  the  Fort,  where  I  lived 
with  an  Indian  family,  who  occasionally  made  me  mackis- 
sins,  and  other  parts  of  Indian  dress." 

"  The  British  fort  at  Mackinac  was  still  upon  the  south  shore  of  the  strait, 
where  Mackinaw  City  now  stands;  but  the  governor,  Patrick  Sinclair,  had  al- 
ready begun  the  erection  of  a  new  tort  on  the  island,  to  which  the  establish- 
ment moved  in  the  spring  of  1781.     Sec  "Story  of  Mackinac,"  in  Thwaites' 
Hcrw  George  Rogers  Clark  won  the  Xorlhue.U.—  Ed. 


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TFIIRD   EXPEDITION 

[141]  Remain  some  Time  at  Chippeuay  Point.—  Account  of 
a  whimsical  Circumstance,  whereby  I  had  nearly  incurred 
the  Displeasure  oj  the  Commanding  Officer.—  Narra- 
tive of  the  fortunate  Escape  of  a  Mr.  Ramsay,  a  Trader. 
-  Undertake  to  escort  a  Quantity  of  Merchandise  from 
the  Mississippi  to  Michillimakinac,  which  I  perform 
:.'ith  Success.— Return  to  Montreal;  from  thence  to  Quebec, 
where  I  engage  with  a  new  Employer. 

During  the  time  I  remained  at  Chippeway  Point, 
I  had  frequent  offers  from  the  ofTiccrs  to  sleep  at  their 
quarters  within  the  fort;  but  being  accustomed  to  lie  in 
the  woods,  I  generally  preferred  that  situation.  A  cir- 
cumstance happened  soon  after  my  arrival,  which  I  shall 
relate. 

In  consequence  of  Indian  treachery  in  the  year  1764, 
(when  the  Savages,  commanded  by  Pantiac  the  chief,' 
under  the  pretence  of  a  game  at  ball,  formed  a  plan  to 
destroy  the  inhabitants,  and  take  possession  of  the  fort, 
and  in  which  they  unfortunately  succeeded,  to  the  extreme 
mortification  of  the  English),  there  was  a  standing  order 
that  no  Indian  should  be  permitted  to  enter  the  fort  with 
fire-arms;  nor  any  squaw,  or  Indian  woman,  allowed  to 
sleep  within  the  walls  of  the  garrison  on  any  pretence 
whatever;  and  for  the  better  security  of  the  inhabitants, 
when  a  council  is  held  with  the  chiefs,  double  sentries 
are  always  placed." 
[142]  Having   a   .strong  desire   to   introduce   a  great 

'•  For  a  contemporary  account  of  this  wdl-known  incident,  see  Henry, 
Traitls,  chaps.  8,  q.  and  lo.—  Ed. 


,1 


i;68-i78a]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  179 

chief's  daughter  and  her  sister,  (notwithstanding  the 
governor's  orders)  I  communicated  my  intentions  to  an 
officer,  and  desired  his  assistance  to  complete  the  plan. 
He  very  politely  told  mc  that  he  could  not  aju^car  to 
countenance  my  scheme,  but  would  give  me  every  possi 
blc  assistance  consistent  with  his  station.  I  assured  him 
that  they  were  a  great  chief's  daughters,  and  that  I 
would  be  answerable  for  their  conduct. 

With  his  consent  I  applied  to  two  soldiers,  and  asked 
them  if  they  could  spare  time  to  roll  a  large  hogshead 
of  bottled  porter  from  Chippeway  Point  to  the  Fort; 
they  told  me  whenever  it  suited  me  they  would  be  ready 
to  assist.  Having  purchased  the  hogshead,  and  got  it 
rolled  down  the  hill  whilst  the  officers  were  at  dinner,  I 
told  the  squaws  of  my  plan,  and  having  knocked  out  the 
head  and  bung,  and  bored  several  holes  to  admit  as  much 
air  as  possible,  desired  them  to  get  in,  which  with  sfi' ic 
difficulty  I  persuaded  them  to  do.  I  then  replaced  the 
head,  and  ran  immediately  to  the  soldiers  to  acquaint 
them  that  the  porter  was  ready,  and  desired  their  assis- 
tance without  delay,  as  I  was  afraid  some  of  the  bottles 
were  broken,  and  it  would  be  proper  to  examine  them  as 
soon  as  possible. 

T^^e  soldiers  immediately  returned  with  mc,  and  apply- 
nv^,  Uit'  •  shoulders  to  the  cask,  rolled  it  up  the  hill  with 
;ncar  Ir-'jour  and  fatigue,  continually  observing  that  it 
was  very  hea  7.  Just  as  they  arrived  at  the  gate,  the 
cominandin<  officer  and  the  commissary  were  coming 
i-rou^;*^,  a  .;'  -eeing  the  hogshead,  asked  the  soldiers 
uhat  thcv  ••■'l  ^oi  a>cre?  they  replied  it  was  bottled 
porter  for  :t  trader,  v ,^<^  bad  desired  them  to  roll  it  from 
the  loiru.  .'-s  a  vessel  bad  just  then  arrived  from  the 
Detroit,  [143]  the  commanding  officer  was  so  satisfied  with 


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the  account  the  soldiers  gave,  that  he  observed  it  was 
ver>'  fortunate,  for  they  now  should  have  plenty  of  good 
beer  to  drink.  The  soldiers  had  scarcely  rolled  another 
turn,  wh(  n  unluckily  one  of  them  kicked  his  foot  against 
a  stone,  who  with  the  extreme  pain  he  .suflfercd,  fell  down. 
Tho  other,  not  being  able  to  sustain  the  whole  weight, 
let  go  his  hold,  and  the  hogshead  rolled  down  the  hill 
with  great  velocity.  Just  as  it  came  to  the  bottom  the 
head  fell  out,  and  the  squaws  exhibited  the  deception. 
Unfortunately  the  commanding  officer  was  near  at  hand 
when  the  accident  happened,  and  though  it  was  a  mani- 
fest breach  of  his  orders,  he  could  not  help  smiling  at 
the  conceit;  and  looking  at  the  imprisoned  females,  said 
to  them,  "pretty  bottled  porter  indeed!"  The  squaws 
were  so  confused  that  they  ran  with  the  utmost  precipi- 
tation into  the  woods,  and  did  not  make  their  appearance 
for  several  days. 

On  the  ( ommanding  officer's  return  to  the  fort,  en- 
quiry was  made  for  me,  and  I  was  under  the  necessity 
c  i  obeying  his  summons,  although  I  confess  my  situation 
was  very  unpleasant.  As  soon  as  I  came  into  his  prcs 
ence,  assuming  a  look  of  displeasure,  he  asked  me  how  I 
could  dare  to  disobey  the  orders  of  the  garrison,  which 
I  knew  were  issued  to  prevent  the  most  serious  conse- 
quences; that  I  was  more  culpable  than  another  person, 
knowing  the  nature  and  disposition  of  the  Indian  women, 
and  the  impropriety  and  danger  of  confiding  in  them, 
adding  that  for  the  sake  of  example,  and  to  prevent  others 
from  acting  so  inprudently,  he  believed  he  should  send  me 
down  to  Montreal  in  irons. 

Alarmed  at  my  situation,  I  made  the  best  apology  in 
my  power,  and  assured  him  I  was  extremely  sorry  for 
my  conduct,  but  hoped  he  would  [144]  pardon  it.    This 


t-  ■, 


1 4 


176*1782]     y.  Long's  Voydgei  and  Travels 


181 


acknowledgment  of  the  offence  induced  him  to  forgive 
me,  and  as  he  said  he  considered  it  a  frolic  of  youth,  he 
would  pass  it  over,  but  cautioned  me  against  playing  such 
tricks  again.  1  felt  myself  extremely  obliged  by  his 
lenity,  and  promised  to  conduct  myself  with  more 
propriety  in  future,  which  promise  I  faithfully  kept:  for 
though  the  experiment  to  admit  the  squaws  would  not 
have  been  attended  with  any  bad  consequences,  I  did  not 
chuse  agam  to  risk  the  commanding  officer's  displeasure. 

On  the  nth  of  August,  the  traders  arrived  from  the 
Mississippi,  and  brought  an  account  of  an  extraordinary 
escape  which  a  Mr.  Ramsay  and  his  brother  had  from 
a  tribe  of  the  nation  of  the  Poes,  in  their  way  to  St. 
Joseph. 

The  Poes  are  a  very  wUd  savage  people,  have  an  aver- 
sion to  Englishmen,  and  generally  give  them  as  much 
trouble  as  possible  in  passing  or  repassing  the  Fort  of 
St.  Joseph's,  where  some  French  traders  are  settled  by 
their  permission." 

It  seems  the  Canadians  w»  rc  invited  by  the  Savages  to 
land,  and  Mr.  Ramsay  supposing  they  had  some  furs  to 
dispose  of,  ordered  his  men  to  go  on  shore;  when  standing 
up  in  his  canoe  just  before  his  debarkation,  three  of  the 
warriors  waded  through  the  water  neck-high,  dragged 
him  out  of  his  canoe,  and  carried  him  on  shore.  Mr. 
Ramsay's  men  immediately  landed,  and  were  preparing 
to  follow  their  master,  but  observing  eleven  Indians 
near  at  hand,  and  perceiving  the  bad  intention  of  the 
chiefs,  got  again  into  their  canoes,  leaving  the  one  in 
which  Mr.  Ramsay  and  his  son  were,  on  the  beach,  and 

"The  "Poes"  were  the  Potawatomi  Indians  (called  Poux  by  the 
French).  For  their  history  and  that  of  Furt  St.  Joseph,  sec  vol.  i  of  this 
series,  pp.  115,  117. —  Ed. 


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(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


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paddled  to  an  adjacent  [145]  island,  waiting  the  event 
of  a  circumstance  which  threatened  death  to  their 
masters. 

Mr.  Ramsay  being  tied  to  the  stump  of  a  tree,  and  his 
son  narrowly  watched,  the  Indians  rummaged  the  canoe, 
and  brought  up  as  much  rum  as  they  thought  they  could 
drink;  they  then  began  to  sing  their  war  songs;  and 
making  a  large  fire  near  the  stump  to  which  Mr.  Ramsay 
was  tied,  they  sat  dowr  on  the  ground,  and  began  to 
insult  him,  telling  him  he  was  an  old  woman,  and  obliged 
his  brother  to  join  in  the  derision. 

The  usual  mode  of  execution  among  the  Savages,  is  as 
follows: 

When  a  warrior  is  taken,  he  is  brought  into  a  hut,  and 
tied  with  small  cords  made  of  the  bark  of  trees,  about  the 
size  of  a  cod-line:  he  is  then  fastened  to  a  stump,  and  a 
small  rattle  put  into  his  hand,  called  chessaquoy,  which 
he  shakes  while  he  sings  the  dead  war  song: 

"Wabindan  payshik  shemagonish  kitchee  mannitoo;  nee 
wee  waybenan  nee  yoe  Matchee  Mannitoo.' ' 

"Master  of  Life,  view  me  well  as  a  warrior;  I  have 
thrown  away  my  body  against  the  bad  spirit.' ' 

When  the  song  is  finished,  the  prisoner  is  untied,  and 
made  to  run  the  gauntlet  through  two  ranks  of  women, 
who  are  provided  with  small  sticks  to  beat  him.  After 
this  punishment  a  dog-feast  is  prepared  with  bear's 
grease  and  huckleberries,  of  which  he  is  obliged  to  eat. 
He  [146]  is  then  brought  again  to  the  stake,  when  wood 
is  placed  round  him.  He  now  sings  his  war-song,  and 
the  women  set  fire  to  the  pile,  the  prisoner  singing  as  it 
bums.  The  lx)nes  are  then  collected  and  fixed  to  the 
war-standard,  which  is  a  high  pole  painted  with  vermillion. 
It  is  said  that  the  nation  of  the  Followens,  or  Wild 


1768-1782]     J.  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels  \ 8 3 

Oats,"  kill  their  wives  and  children  before  they  go  to 
battle,  that  in  case  of  a  defeat  the  enemy  shall  not  have 
any  prisoners  of  their  nation. 

The  Poes,  beginning  to  feel  the  effects  of  the  rum, 
examined  the  cords,  which  were  made  of  the  bark  of  the 
willow-tree,  and  ordered  some  wood  to  be  put  round  the 
stump,  to  be  ready  when  they  should  find  themselves 
disposed  to  burn  him.    Soon  after  they  untied  him,  and 
brought  him  to  the  war-kettle  to  make  his  death-feast; 
which  consisted  of  dog,   tyger-cat,  and   bear's  grease,' 
mixed  with  wUd  oats,  of  which  he  was  compelled  to  eat. 
Mr.  Ramsay,  knowing  the  nature  of  Indians,  complied 
with  seeming  cheerfulness,  and  said  he  was  satisfied. 
He  was  taken  back  to  the  intended  place  of  execution,  and 
tied  again  to  the  stump,  from  which,  with  great  com- 
posure, he  desired  permission  to  make  his  speech  before 
he  changed  his  climate,  which  being  granted,  he  imme- 
diately spoke  to  them  to  the  following  effect: 

' 'It  is  true  the  Master  of  Life  has  sent  me  here  to  those 
Indians  whose  hearts  are  full  of  poisoned  blood,  and  as 
they  mean  me  to  change  my  climate,  I  shaU  go  with 
courage  to  a  better  trading  ground,  where  I  shall  find 
good  Indians.  They  have  always  known  me  to  have  had 
pity  on  them,  their  wives,  and  children,  since  I  have  been 

"  The  Menominee  Indians  were  called  FoUes-Avoines  by  the  French  a 
name  by  which  the  latter  designated  both  the  grain  {zizania  aquatiea),  and 

his  tnbe  of  Indians  whom  they  first  found  using  it.     They  are  Algonnuian  in 
Unguage,  and  were  originally  encountered  by  Nicolet  (.634J  on  the  shores  of 
Oreen  Bay.     This  remained  their  habitat  until  they  were  removed  to  their 
present  reservation  in  Shawano  County,  Wisconsin.     For  history  of  this  tribe 
^e  Wisconsin  Historical  ColUdions  (especially  vob.  xvi  and  xvii);  Hoffman' 

Menonum  Indians.-   U.  S.   Bureau  of  Ethnology  Report,   ,892^3;   Jenks. 

Wild  Rice  Gatherers  of  the  Upper  Lakes,' '  »Wrf.,  1897-98. 
No  mention  of  such  a  barbarous  custom  as  this  is  made  by  other  writers 
Long  may  have  been  misinformed.—  Ed. 


I 


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a  trader,  and  to  have  opened  my  heart  to  them  on  all 
occasions;  but  now  the  [147]  bad  spirit  has  joined  his 
heart  with  theirs,  to  make  me  change  my  climate,  which 
I  am  glad  of,  for  T  am  better  known  in  the  country  I  am 
going  to,  and  by  greater  warriors  than  ever  these  were. 
I  now  lock  on  all  the  chicx's  as  old  women ;  and  as  I  am 
the  Peshshekey  (or  buffalo),  I  shall  drink  my  last  with 
them,  and  carry  the  news  to  the  warriors  in  the  other 
climate." 

Having  attentively  heard  his  speech,  they  prepared  for 
his  death;  which  he  perceiving,  immediately  told  his 
brother  not  to  be  disheartened,  as  he  had  hopes  of  over- 
coming their  fury,  and  desired  him  to  ply  them  with  rum, 
and  keep  their  kettles  constantly  filled.  His  brother 
followed  the  instructions  he  gave  him,  and  distributed 
the  rum  among  them  very  plentifully.  When  Mr.  Ram- 
say discovered  that  they  were  sufficiently  intoxicated  to 
be  incapable  of  doing  mischief,  he  desired  his  brother  to 
cut  his  cords;  and  being  released,  assisted  in  pouring  rum 
down  their  throats  till  they  were  quite  insensible.  Fired 
with  resentment  at  their  intended  barbarity,  he  and  his 
brother  cut  all  their  throats,  loaded  his  canoe  with  the 
articles  they  had  taken  out,  and  paddled  from  shore  as 
fast  as  they  could.  The  men  hailed  him  at  some  dis- 
tance, and  were  rejoiced  to  see  him  safe;  and  after  ar- 
ranging their  cargo,  pursued  their  journey  into  the  Indian 
country,  by  a  different  course. 

I  was  informed  Mr.  Ramsay  returned  afterwards  to 
Michillimakinac,  where  he  was  congratulated  by  the 
commanding  officer  on  his  fortunate  escape;  but  he 
never  thought  it  prudent  to  go  that  route  again. 

About  this  time  the  Indian  traders  formed  a  company 
of  militia,  which  I  joined  with  the  rank  of  adjutant  and 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


.85 


lieutenant,  under  Captain  [148]  John  Macnamara.  In 
the  month  of  June  1780,  news  was  brought  from  the 
Mississippi,  that  the  Indian  traders  had  deposited  their 
furs  at  La  Prairie  des  Chiens,  or  Dogs'  Field,  (where  there 
is  a  town  of  considerable  note,  built  after  the  Indian 
manner)  under  the  care  of  Mons.  Longlad,  the  king's 
interpreter;"  and  that  the  Americans  were  in  great 
force  at  the  Ilimois,  a  town  inhabited  by  different  nations, 
at  the  back  of  the  Kentuckey  State,  under  the  Spanish 
government,  who  have  a  fort  on  the  opposite  shore,  com- 
manded by  an  officer  and  about  twelve  men,  to  prevent 
illicit  trade." 

The  commanding  officer  at  Michtllimakinac^*  asked  me 
to  accompany  a  party  of  Indians  and  Canadians  to  the 
Mississippi,  which  I  consented  to  with  the  utmost  cheer- 
fulness. We  left  the  post  with  thirty-six  Southern 
Indians,  of  the  Otligaumies  and  Sioux  nations,  and 
twenty"  Canadians,  in  nine   large   birch  canoes,  laden 

"  On  the  cause  of  this  action  of  the  Indian  traders,  alarmed  at  the  reprisals 
being  made  by  Spanish  and  Americans  for  the  unsuccessful  attack  on  St.  Louis 
by  the  British  party  from  Mackinac,  see  Wtsconsin  Historical  Collections,  vii, 
p.  176,  note. 

For  biography  of  Charles  Langlade,  first  Wisconsin  settler,  see  Tass^'s 
"Memoir,"  iWd.,  pp.  123-185. —  Ed. 

"  This  is  a  somewhat  confused  reference  to  George  Rogers  Clark's  occu- 
pation of  the  Illinois  country,  and  alliance  \vith  the  Spaniards  who  controlled 
Louisiana.  The  fort  here  mentioned  is  St.  Louis,  for  whose  early  history  see  vol. 
iii  of  this  series,  Andr^  Michaux's  Journal,  note  138.  Spaniards  were  incensed 
at  the  British  traders'  methods  in  Upper  Louisiana  during  this  period. —  Ed. 

"  The  commandant  at  Mackinac  was  Patrick  Sinclair,  for  whose  biography 
see  Wisconsin  Histor  '(ect,ons,  xi,  p.  141,  note.    For  documents  dealing  with 

the  Revolution  in  thi.s  1  ,o.on,  see  ibid.,  xi,  pp.  97-212;  and  xii,  pp.  49-55. —  Ed. 

"  The  Outagamies,  or  Fox  Indians  (French,  Renards),  were  first  encoun- 
tered by  the  French  on  Fox  River,  Wisconsin.  A  proud  and  warlike  nation, 
they  refused  to  yield  to  the  French  yoke.  The  long  series  of  wars  waged  by 
them  with  the  French  was  a  great  source  of  weakness  to  the  colony  of  Canada, 
and  prepared  the  way  for  its  downfall.     For  the  documents  on  these  wars,  see 


f 


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with  Indian  presents.  After  a  march  of  three  days  I 
was  taken  ill,  which  I  attributed  to  hard  living  in  the 
Nipegor.  Country;  considering,  however,  the  urgency  of 
the  business,  and  that  there  was  not  any  one  of  the  party 
capable  of  acting  as  interpreter,  I  struggled  with  my  indis- 
position; apprehending,  also,  that  if  I  could  not  pursue 
the  journey,  I  should  be  exposed  to  great  inconveniences; 
and  therefore  I  encreased  my  endeavours,  determined  to 
risk  my  life  at  all  hazards. 

The  fourth  day  we  encamped  at  Lac  les  Puans,  so 
called,  I  apprehend,  from  the  Indians  who  reside  on  the 
banks  being  naturally  filthy"— here  we  got  plenty  lI 

Wtsconsin  Historical  Collections,  xvi  and  xvii.  Driven  from  their  habitat  in 
Eastern  Wbconsin,  about  1740,  the  Foxes  joined  with  their  kindred,  the  Sauks, 
and  settled  on  the  Mississippi,  siding  alternately  with  the  British  and  Americans 
during  the  wars  of  the  Revolution  and  of  1812-15.  One  band  of  the  Sauks 
participated  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  (1832).  At  present  the  combined  popu- 
lation of  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  is  about  fou  "lundred,  located  on  a  reservation 
in  Iowa. 

The  Sioux  were  the  Minnesota  branch  of  this  nation,  under  their  chief 
Wabasha,  q.  v.,  post,  note  87. —  Ed. 

"  Lac  les  Puans  (Stinking  Lake)  was  a  name  used  by  the  French  for  Gieen 
Bay.  The  origin  of  this  term  was  long  supposed  to  be  either  in  the  ill-smcUing 
shores  or  the  filthy  character  of  the  native  Puants  (j.  c,  Winnebagoes).  In 
Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  xvi,  p.  360,  however,  an  early  writer  testifies 
to  the  cleanliness  of  the  Puants. 

It  appears  that  the  original  Algonquian  name  for  these  people,  who  are  an 
offshoot  from  the  Sioux,  was  Ouinepeg,  a  word  which  has  come  down  to  us 
in  two  forms  —  Winnipeg  and  Winnebago.  The  meaning  of  Ouinepeg  was, 
' '  men  of  (or  from)  the  fetid  Cor  bad-smelling)  water.' '  It  is  probable  that  these 
people  may  at  one  time  have  lived  near  a  sulphur  spring  or  on  the  she-  of  a 
salt  lake.  The  earliest  French  inferred  that  the  allusion  was  to  the  ocean; 
hence  Nicolet's  appearance  among  the  Winnebagoes  on  Green  Bay  (1634) 
attired  as  a  mandarin,  under  the  apprehension  that  these  "Men  of  the  Sea" — 
as  they  were  called  in  some  of  the  earlier  French  accounts  —  were  Chinamen. 
Herein  we  have  an  illustration  of  the  tenacity  of  the  old  theory  that  Ameri- 
ca was  but  an  outlying  portion  of  Asia.  La  Salle's  post  at  La  Chine,  near 
Montreal,  which  was  so  nicknamed  because  some  thought  it  to  be  on  the  road 
to  China,  is  another  case  in  point.  When  the  "Men  of  the  Sea"  were  discov- 
ered to  be  ordinary  Indians,  their  .\lgonquian  appellation  Ouinepeg  was  trans- 


■^■l 


1768-1782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  187 

deer  and  bears,  Indian  corn,  melons  and  other  fruit. 
The  Southern  Indians  have  more  villages,  and  are  better 
civilized  than  the  Northern,  the  climate  being  warm,  and 
nature  more  prolific,  which  [149]  enables  them  to  raise  the 
fruits  of  the  earth  without  much  labour.  Their  hou.ses 
are  covered  with  birch  bark,  and  decorated  with  bows  and 
arrows,  and  weapons  of  war.  Their  beds  are  bark  and 
matts  made  of  rushes. 

We  pursued  our  voyage  to  Ouisconsin,  a  fine  River, 
with  a  strong  current  for  about  sixty  leagues,  which  our 
canoes  ran  down  in  a  day  and  a  half;  and  upon  which  we 
saw  an  immense  quantity  of  ducks,  geese,  and  other 
fowl.  On  this  river  we  were  obliged  to  unload  our 
canoes,  in  order  to  transport  our  goods  across  the  portage, 
about  two  miles  in  length.  We  encamped  on  the  banks, 
and  intended  setting  off  at  break  of  day,  but  one  of  the 
Indians  was  bitten  by  a  rattlesnake,  which  Mr.  Adair 
calls  the  bright  inhabitant  of  the  woods,  and  which  had 
fourteen  rattles. 

Mr.  Beatty  relates  that  as  he  was  preaching  to  the 
Indians  and  others,  at  a  small  house  near  Juniata  River, 
a  rattle-snake  crept  into  the  room,  but  was  happily  dis- 
covered and  killed;  and  before  the  people  could  well  re- 
cover themselves,  a  snake  of  another  kind  was  discovered 
among  the  assembly,  which  was  also  killed  without  any 
other  detriment  than  disturbing  the  congregation,  which 
surprised  him  very  much,  as  it  was  a  matter  of  astonish- 
ment how  the^e  reptiles  could  crawl  into  the  house  without 

lated  by  the  French  into  a  less  complimentary  term,  "Puants"  (Stinkards). 
Given  the  name,  the  reputation  of  uncleanliness  soon  followed.  The  Jesuit 
Relations  frequently  i.ientioned  the  matter;  but  by  the  time  of  the  missionaries 
the  old  term  of  "Men  of  the  Sea"  appears  to  have  been  forgotten.  See  Wis- 
consin Historical  Collections,  xvi,  p.  3,  fiole,  for  citations;  also  Thwaites,  Stories 
oj  the  Badger  State  (New  York,  1900),  p.  30,  for  brief  recital  of  the  case.—  Ed. 


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being  offended  by  some  one,  and  which  also  excites  them 
to  bite. 

The  Indians  say  that  when  a  woman  is  in  labour,  hold- 
ing the  tail  of  a  rattle-snake  in  her  hand,  and  shaking  the 
rattles,  assists  her  delivery.  It  is  always  observable  that 
the  Indians  take  out  the  bag  which  contains  [150]  the 
poison  of  this  venomous  reptile,  and  carry  it  alive  in  their 
medicine  box  when  they  go  to  war. 

This  unfortunate  accident  retarded  our  journey  till 
the  unhappy  sufferer  relieved  himself  by  cutting  out  the 
wounded  part  from  the  calf  of  his  leg,  and  applying  salt 
and  gunpowder,  and  binding  it  up  with  the  leaves  of  the 
red  willow  tree;  he  was  soon  able  to  proceed,  bearing  the 
pain  with  that  fortitude  for  which  the  Savages  are  so 
eminently  distinguished. 

At  the  close  of  the  next  day  we  encamped  near  the 
river,  and  it  rained  very  hard:  the  Indians  made  some 
bark  huts.  One  of  them  walking  some  distance  in  the 
woods,  discovered  a  small  loghouse,  in  which  he  found  a 
white  man,  with  his  arms  cut  off,  lying  on  his  back.  We 
conjectured  he  had  been  settled  at  the  spot,  and  killed  by 
a  bad  Indian,  which  must  have  happened  very  recently,  as 
he  was  not  putrid.    Before  our  departure  we  buried  him. 

The  next  day  we  arrived  at  the  Forks  of  the  Mississippi, 
where  were  two  hundred  Indians  of  the  nation  of  the 
Renards,  or  Foxes,  on  horseback,  armed  with  spears, 
bows  and  arrows.  They  did  not  seem  pleased  with  our 
appearance,  which  Warbishar,  the  chief  of  our  band,  told 
me."    Just  before  we  landed  they  dismounted,  and  sur- 

"  The  Foxes  had  been  largely  won  to  the  .\raerican  interest  by  the  efforts 
of  Godefroy  Linctot,  Sr.,  their  trader  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  the  emissaries  of 
George  Rogers  Clark  from  the  Illinois  country. 

Wabasha  was  a  famous  Sioux  chief,  first  mentioned  by  the  French  com- 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


1R9 


!         I 


veyed  us.  The  Sioux  asked  me  if  I  was  afraid;  1  told 
them  I  had  seen  a  greater  number  of  Savages  before,  and 
more  wild  than  any  of  the  Southern  Indians.  Warbisliar 
gave  orders  to  strike  ashore.  As  soon  as  we  landed,  the 
Renards  took  our  Indians  by  the  hand,  and  invited  them 
into  their  camp.  Ir  the  space  of  an  hour  they  prepared  a 
feast,  which  consisted  of  five  [151 J  Indian  dogs,  bear, 
beaver,  deer,  mountain  cat,  and  racoon,  boiled  in  bear's 
grease,  and  mixed  with  huckleberries.  After  the  repast, 
the  Indians  danced  and  sung.  A  council  was  then  held, 
when  the  chief  of  the  Renards  addressed  Warbishar  to 
this  effect. 

"Brothers,  we  are  happy  to  see  you;  we  have  no  bad 
heart  against  you;  although  we  are  not  the  same  nation 
by  language,  our  hearts  are  the  same:  we  are  all  Indians, 
and  are  happy  to  hear  our  great  Father  has  pity  on  us, 
and  sends  us  wherewithal  to  cover  us,  and  enable  us  to 
hunt." 

To  which  Warbishar  made  answer. — "It  is  true,  my 
children,  our  great  Father  has  sent  me  this  way  to  take 
the  skins  and  fu^s  that  are  in  the  Dog's  Field,  under 
captain  Longlad's  charge,  least  the  Great  Knives  (mean- 
ing the  Americans)"  should  plunder  them.  I  am  come 
with  the  white  man  (meaning  me)  t»  ^ive  you  where- 
withal to  cover  you,  and  ammunition  to  hunt.' ' 

When  the  speech  was  finished,  we  immediately    lis- 

mandant  in  1740.  Being  devoted  to  the  British  side,  he  was  dignified  with  the 
title  of  "general,"  and  was  received  with  honors  of  war  at  Mackinac.  He 
also  visited  Quebec  several  times,  and  was  decorated  by  the  British  officials. 
His  village  was  near  the  present  site  of  Winona,  Minnesota.  A  son  of  the  same 
name  participated  in  the  War  of  1812-15.  The  French  callcu  both  th^'se  chiefs, 
' '  La  Feuille." ' —  Ed. 

"  On  the  origin  of  this  term  for  Americans  (Great  Knives,  Long  Knives,  or 
Big  Knives,  indifferently)  see  Thwaites,  Daniel  Boone  (New  York,  1902),  p. 
Ill,  note. —  Ed. 


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tributcd  the  presents,  got  our  canoes  into  the  water,  and 
left  the  Renards  in  the  most  friendly  manner. 

After  seven  days  journey  wc  arrived  at  La  Prairie  dcs 
Chiens,"  where  we  found  the  merchants'  peltry,  in 
packs,  in  a  loghouse  guarded  by  captain  Longlad  and 
some  Indians,  who  were  rejoiced  ti  .see  us.  After  resting 
some  time,  we  took  out  about  three  hundred  packs  of  the 
best  skins,  and  filled  the  canoes.  Sixty  more  which  re- 
mained, we  burnt,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  taking 
them,  having  ourselves  no  [152]  room  to  stow  any  more, 
and  proceeded  on  our  journey  back  to  Michillimakinac 
About  five  days  after  our  departure,  we  were  informed 
that  the  Americans  came  to  attack  us,  but  tj  their  ex- 
treme mortification  we  were  out  of  "'eir  reach.  Seven- 
teen days  after  leaving  La  Pi  sirie  des  Chiens,  we  arrived 
at  Lac  les  Puans.  where  we  found  a  party  of  Indians  en- 
camped. The  next  day  wc  embarked,  and  arrived  at 
Michillimakinac,  after  an  absence  of  eighty  days.  Soon 
after  my  return,  I  waited  on  the  commanding'  officer, 
expecting  payment  for  my  services;  but  was  referred  for 
satisfaction  to  the  Indian  traders,  from  whom  I  never 
received  any  compensation. 

By  this  means  I  was  left  destitute  even  of  the  necessaries 
of  life;  but  I  did  not  remain  long  in  this  uncomfortable 
situation,  for  I  soon  found  protection  and  support  among 
the  Indians;  but  as  their  assistance  would  not  afford  the 
means  to  appear  in  civil  society,  I  was  under  the  necessity 
of  soliciting  friendship  from  the  merchi.nts,  to  enable  ne 
to  return  to  Montreal,  which  I  fortunately  obtained.    I 

"  This  must  mean  seven  days'  journey  either  from  Mackinac  or  Green 
Bay,  for  Prairie  du  Chien  is  situated  at  the  ( onfluence  of  the  Wisconsin  with  the 
Mississippi.  On  the  early  settlement  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  wliirh  was  named 
for  a  chief  of  the  Fox  tribe  called  ' '  Chien,' '  see  Wisconsin  Historical  ColUc- 
lions,  ix,  pp.  282-30J. —  Ed. 


I    M 


1768  1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Tro'cels 


191 


left  Michillimakinat  in  the  beginning  of  Septcmlxr.  and 
arrived  at  Montreal  on  the  27th  of  the  same  month. 

I  embraced  the  first  opportunity  to  call  on  my  old 
master,  expecting  to  find  him  in  gfXKl  health,  bat  alis! 
he  had  paid  the  debt  of  nature,  and  was  'succeeded  by  his 
nephew,  who  had  been  cotemporary  clcik  with  me. 
He  permitted  me  to  lodge  at  his  house  for  a  fortnight,  but 
a  few  days  after  my  abode  with  him,  my  situation  Ix-ing 
different  from  what  I  had  experienced  during  the  life 
of  my  old  master,  I  asked  him  to  fit  me  out  with  an  assort - 
n:  ;nt  of  goods  for  the  Indian  trade,  and  promised  to  remit 
him  payment  in  furs.  He  told  me  I  was  welcome  to  any 
[153]  goods  he  had  in  his  store  that  would  suit  me,  but  on 
examining  the  stock,  all  the  merchandise  proper  for  the 
Savages  was  disposed  of,  and  nothing  left  that  would  an- 
swer any  profitable  purpose. 

I  then  left  his  house,  returning  him  thanks  for  his 
civility;  and  having  procured  pecuniary  assistance  from 
a  friend,  took  lodgings  in  the  town,  where  I  stayed  some 
time.  I  then  went  to  Quebec,  where  a  gentleman  acci- 
dentally hearing  that  ^  was  out  of  employ,  and  knowing 
that  I  could  speak  the  Indian  languages,  sent  for  me  and 
ngaged  me  in  his  service,  to  go  among  the  Indians  at 
Lake  Temiscaming,"  or  any  other  situation  I  might  think 
most  eligible  for  commerce. 

••  Lake  Ttmistaming  lies  near  the  sounc  o{  th?  Ottawa  River,  on  the 
boundary  between  Queber  and  Ontario.  The  savag?s  near  here  were  wander- 
ing tribes  of  rude  Algonkins,  "vho  traded  indifferently  vith  Canada  or  Hudson 
Bay.—  Ed. 


\      '  ■»» 


'I 


I    ii 


il 


(', 


f 

f 

It 


^i'i  „ 


.     l    .i»^i| 


i 


[154]  Leave  Quebec  — Desert ptiott  of  the  Lorelto  Indians; 
same  Remarks  relative  to  an  Assertion,  that  the  American 
Indians  have  no  Beards—  Mistake  the  Mercury  Packet 
0}  Quebec  for  an  American  Privateer.—  Proceed  on  our 
Journey,  and  arrive  at  our  Winter  Residence.— De- 
scription of  several  Sorts  of  Snakes.—  Meet  with  greet 
Success,  and  soon  complete  our  Traffic. —  Return  to 
Quebec. 

Bkino  furnished  with  a  proper  assortment  of  merchan- 
dise, I  left  Quebec,  and  proceeded  to  Tadousac,"  which 
is  at  the  end  of  the  Saguenay  River,  near  the  River 
St.  Laurence.  About  nine  miles  from  Quebec  there  is  a 
VLlage  inhabited  by  the  Loretto  Indians,  who  are  prop- 
erly of  the  nation  of  ihe  Hurons."  They  embraced 
Christianity,  through  the  means  of  the  Jesuits,  and 
follow  the  Catholic  religion.  The  women  have  remark- 
able good  voices,  and  sing  hymns  in  their  own  language 
most  charmingly.  They  cultivate  the  ground,  and  bring 
the  produce  to  market;  and  in  their  manners  they  are  the 
most  innocent  and  harmless  of  all  the  Savages  in  North 
America.  Their  houses  are  decent,  and  built  after  the 
Canadian  fashion;  they  are  fin  exception  to  the  generality 
of  Indians,  seldom  drinking  any  spirituous  liquors;  they 
are  for  the  most  part  tall,  robust  people,  and  well  shaped; 
have  short  black  hair,  which  is  shaved  off  the  forehead 
from  ear  to  ear,  and  wear  neither  caps  nor  hats.    With 

"  Tadoussac,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Saguenay  River,  is  one  of  the  oldest 
trading  stations  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  having  been  founded  before  Quebec.  It 
was  the  site  of  an  early  Jesuit  mission  begun  before  164J.  A  r*--  ,ch  built  for 
the  mission  (1747-50),  is  still  standing. —  Ed. 

"  The  mission  colony  of  the  Hurons  at  Lorette  was  established  by  the 
Jesuits  on  their  seigniory  in  1673.  There  is  still  a  settlement  of  these  Indians 
near  this  place. —  Ed. 


i7h«  i7«3)     y.  Longs  Voy.igfi  and  Travels 


'9.^ 


rcj,'ar(l  to  their  Ixards,  thouKh  they  arc  scarcely  visible, 
they  have  them  in  common  with  all  the  Irilxs  of  Savages; 
bui  havinp  an  aversion  to  excresirnces.  they  cai>iully 
pluck  [155]  out  every  hair  f.om  the  upper  j  >v  and  chin 
with  brass  wire,  which  they  twist  tcRether  in  the  form  of 
pincers;  and  it  is  well  known  that  all  trade,  s  carry  out 
that  article  of  commerce  f(»r  this  express  purpose. 

Baron  de  la  Ifontan  seems  to  have  Ixon  much  mistaken 
when,  in  speaking  of  the  Savages,  he  says  that  thev  '  ive 
no  beards.  Lord  Kaims  was  also  in  the  .same  error,  when 
he  asserted  there  is  not  a  single  hair  on  an  Indian's  Ixxly, 
excepting  the  eyelashes,  eyebrows,  end  hair  of  the  head, 
and  that  there  is  no  appearance  of  a  b«      1. 

This  observation  Mr.  James  Adair  remarks  is  utterly 
void  of  foundation,  as  can  be  attested  by  all  who  have 
had  any  communication  with  them;  and  major  Robert 
Rogers,"  who  certainly  knew  the  Indians  as  well  as  any 
man,  says  that  they  iolally  destroy  their  beards;  which 
proves  beyond  a  doubt  that  they  arc  not  naturally  imbarbes- 

I  have  been  led  into  these  observations  from  the  perusal 
of  Lord  Kaims's  Sketches  of  the  History  of  Man,"  who 
not  only  insists  that  the  Indians  have  no  beards,  but 
builds  on  the  hypothesis  to  prove  a  local  creation. 

Tadousac  is  on  the  sea  side,  north  of  the  River  St. 
Laurence,  and  inhabited  by  a  few  Indians  called  moun- 
taineers, who  live  chiefly  on  fish;"  and  one  trader,  clerk 
to  the  gentleman  in  whose  service  I  was  engaged. 

"  For  biographical  sketch  of  Robert  Rogers,  see  vol.  i,  Croghan's  Journals, 
note  61.  Long  here  refers  to  his  work.  Concise  Account  oj  North  America 
(London,  1765). —  Ed. 

"Henry  Home,  Lord  Karnes,  a  famous  Scotch  jurist,  publiihed  Sketches 
oj  History  oJ  Man  (Edinburgh,  1774).—  Ed. 

••  The  Montagnais  Indians  —  so  cal'ed  from  their  habitat,  the  mountainous 
country  north  and  east  of  Quebec  —  were  an  Algonquian  tribe,  much  in  con- 


J  * 


.'<,'■ 


I,' 


^!;k  li 


194 


Eariy  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


\  *V 


There  is  a  French  clergyman  and  a  church  for  the 
Indians,  who  are  all  Catholics.  At  this  village  I  remained 
a  fortnight,  during  which  [156]  time  the  American  priva- 
teers were  continually  cruizing  about.  One  morning 
there  was  a  great  fog,  but  we  could  just  discern  at  a  small 
distance  a  vessel :  this  alarmed  the  priest  and  the  Indians. 
My  brother  Englishman  (the  trader  who  was  settled  here) 
joined  with  me  in  soliciting  the  Indians  to  stand  their 
ground,  which  the  priest  strongly  opposed,  though  paid 
by  the  British  government.  This  incensed  me,  and  I 
insisted  on  taking  some  of  his  flock  with  me  to  reconnoitre, 
and  endeavour  to  discover  what  vessel  she  was,  though  I 
had  strong  suspicions  she  was  an  American  privateer. 
We  went  towards  the  shore,  but  could  not  discover  the 
number  of  guns  she  mounted;  we  returned  to  our  camp, 
and  all  the  Indians  at  my  request  accompanied  me  to 
attack  her.  We  embarked  in  canoes,  dressed  alike,  and 
as  we  approached  perceived  she  lay  at  anchor,  and  was  a 
vessel  of  inconsiderable  force,  mounting  only  eight  small 
swivels.  I  immediately  went  on  one  side  of  her,  and 
directed  the  Indians  to  the  other,  to  inclose  her  as  much 
as  we  could.  Having  reached  the  vessel,  I  took  hold  of  a 
rope  and  went  on  board;  the  captain  was  alarmed,  and 
his  fears  were  increased  when  he  saw  himself  surrounded 
with  canoes,  filled  with  Savages  armed  with  guns  and 
tomahawks;  however,  he  advanced  towards  me,  and 
clapping  me  on  the  shoulder,  asked  what  I  wanted  ?  I 
was  too  politic  to  make  any  reply  at  that  time.  He  then 
asked  me,  if  I  would  have  some  biscuit?  I  replied, 
caween,  or  no.    He  shook  his  head,  as  much  as  to  say,  I 


tact  with  the  French  colonists.  They  still  roam  through  their  ancient  territory, 
hunting  and  fishing,  and  acting  as  guides  ta  scientific  and  sporting  parties. 
They  have  a  reservation  on  Lake  St.  John. —  Ed. 


V 


f ; 


<• 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


•95 


wish  I  could  know  what  you  want.  The  Indians  then 
came  on  board,  and  the  captain  having  only  seven  men, 
and  our  number  being  upwards  of  forty,  well  armed,  did 
not  know  how  to  act,  but,  probably  willing  to  please  me, 
ordered  his  men  to  get  some  biscuit  and  rum.  Whilst 
the  sailors  were  gone,  I  perceived  she  was  an  English  ves- 
sel, and  then  asked  the  captain  in  English  to  whom  she 
belonged;  he  was  very  agreeably  surprised,  [157]  told 
me  his  name  was  Allcrow,  and  that  he  commanded  the 
Mercury  Packet  of  Quebec.  This  information  gave  me 
occasion  to  rejoice  we  did  not  take  rough  means;  and 
when  I  communicated  the  intelligence  to  the  Indians  they 
were  highly  pleased,  and  shook  hands  with  the  captain. 

The  captain  then  accompanied  us  to  shore  in  our 
canoes,  and  we  landed  at  our  encampment.  We  after- 
wards went  to  the  priest's  hou.se,  where  we  dined.  Mr. 
Martin,  the  priest,  and  myself  were  invited  on  board  the 
iir.xt  day,  when  we  had  an  excellent  repast,  with  plenty  of 
wine  and  other  liquors.  Unfortunately  we  drank  too 
freely,  and  returning  in  the  evening,  the  priest  began  to 
be  very  angry  with  me  for  encouraging  the  Savages;  this 
reprehension,  with  his  former  conduct,  incensed  me  ex- 
ceedingly, and  in  the  heat  of  passion  I  threw  him  over- 
board, but  by  the  assistance  of  the  sailors  he  was  saved. 
On  our  landing,  our  contest  led  us  to  blows,  but  we  were 
soon  parted.  When  we  were  recovered  from  intoxica- 
tion, we  shook  hands,  and  afterwards  remained  good 
friends. 

The  next  day  the  Indians  were  seized  with  an  <  pidemic 
fever,  which  deprived  them  of  the  use  of  their  limbs,  and 
occasioned  a  delirium.  The  disorder  attacked  me  very 
severely,  but  by  the  friendly  assistance  of  Mr.  Martin,  who 
had  a  medicine  chest,  in  about  three  weeks  I  recovered. 


It 


I''  • 

'j'iil 

'.'.  Mm 


) 


^   A' 'J 


Uh  J 


I'll 


m 


196 


Early  Western  Travels  [Vol. 


:.r 


yt 


The  winter  now  advancing  very  rapidly,  and  the  un- 
avoidable delay  at  this  post,  obliged  me  to  proceed  on  my 
journey  on  snow  shoes,  carrying  all  my  goods  on  Ind'an 
slays,  through  the  woods,  and  over  [158]  high  moun- 
tains. 

We  travelled  twenty-one  days,  on  a  deep  snow,  about 
one  hundred  leagues  through  the  Saguenay  country, 
which  was  very  fatiguing,  till  we  arrived  at  a  place  called 
Checootimy;"  about  half  way  up  the  river  on  which  it 
stands  the  salt  water  ebbs  and  (lows.  Only  a  few  Indians 
reside  here,  and  one  Indian  trader,  with  whom  I  wintered, 
and  hunted,  killing  a  great  many  animals.  Early  in  the 
spring  I  took  my  leave  of  him,  and  being  furnished  with 
canoes,  pursued  my  journey  to  St.  John's  Lake;  from 
thence  to  Panebacash  River,  to  Lake  Shaboomoochoine, 
which  lies  north-east  of  Lake  Arbitibis  about  the  distance 
of  seven  days  Indian  march." 

Near  the  Falls  of  Panebacash  River  I  landed,  and 
ascended  a  high  mountain,  to  survey  a  large  cave,  about 
two  hundred  yards  deep,  and  three  yards  wide  at  the 
mouth.  Here  I  picked  up  a  piece  of  ore,  about  three 
inches  square;  the  exterior  crust  was  black  and  very  thin, 
and  when  broke,  appeared  yellow.  I  brought  it  to  Quebec, 
but  by  some  accident  lost  it,  which  I  lamented  exceedingly, 

••  Chicoutimi,  at  the  head  of  navigation  of  Saguenay  River,  was  early  set- 
tled, a  mission  church  being  built  there  in  1726.  It  has  but  recently  become 
a  place  of  importance,  being  not  only  the  chief  trading  station  for  the  entire 
Saguenay  region,  where  settlement  has  commenced  to  be  permanent,  but  the 
seat  of  large  salmon  fisheries  and  of  extensive  wood-pulp  mills;  small  ocean 
vessels  are  now  laden  with  pulp  at  Chicoutimi  docks,  carrying  the  product  to 
English,  French,  and  American  ports. —  Ed. 

"  After  leaving  Lake  St.  John,  Long  followed  its  sources  westward,  and 
portaged  over  the  Height  of  Land  into  the  present  Northeast  Territory  —  a 
region  now  neariy  as  unknown  and  unexplored  as  it  was  then.  Modern  maps 
are  not  helpful  regarding  Long's  route. —  Ed. 


:'* 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  197 

as  some  of  my  friends  to  whom  I  shewed  it  were  of  opinion 
that  it  was  very  valuable. 

This  journey  was  farther  inland,  by  near  eighty  leagues, 
than  any  trader  had  ever  been,  the  only  settlement  in  that 
part  of  Canada  being  at  St.  Peter's  Lake,  where  a  French 
house  was  formerly  established,  and  where  an  English 
trader,  who  was  employed  by  the  merchants  in  whose 
service  I  was  engaged,  resided. 

I  arrived  at  Lake  Shaboomoochoine  on  the  26th  of 
May,  1 781,  where  I  intended  only  to  stay  a  few  days; 
but  some  Indians  arrived  who  assured  me  that  it  would 
answer  my  purpose  to  winter,  and  promised  [159]  to  sup- 
ply me  with  fish,  furs,  and  skins.  This  induced  me  to  re- 
main here;  and  I  built  a  house  suitable  for  my  business, 
and  kept  two  Indians  with  their  wives  to  hunt  for  me. 

On  the  29th  we  set  our  nets,  and  in  about  four  hours 
caught  abundance  of  large  trout,  pike,  maskenonjey, 
pickerill,  and  white  fish,  and  as  the  country  abounded 
with  wild  fowl,  we  were  never  without  two  courses  at 
table,  with  roots  for  garden  stuff. 

On  the  17th  of  June  a  band  of  Indians  arrived,  who 
were  agreeably  surprised  to  see  a  trader  at  a  place 
where  no  one  had  settled  before,  and  they  were  par- 
ticularly delighted  when  they  heard  me  speak  their  own 
language. 

During  my  residence  here  I  saw  a  great  many  snakes; 
and  one  day  in  particular  as  I  was  walking  in  the  woods, 
I  discovered  one  of  those  reptiles  in  the  grass;  the  instant 
I  perceived  it,  I  cut  a  long  stick  and  dropt  it  gently  on 
the  snake's  head ;  it  immediately  moved,  and  I  could  hear 
the  rattles  very  distinctly.  Whilst  I  was  surveying  the 
brightness  of  its  colours,  which  were  inexpressibly  beauti- 
ful, it  was  coiling  itself  round  like  a  rope  to  dart  at  me; 


.'1 


Vi) 


i      " 


*  ' ' 


! 

?  v.i 
■'I 


I 


M'4 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


';'i 


r 


198 

this  warned  me  of  my  danger,  and  I  took  the  taper  end  of 
the  stick,  and  let  the  heavy  end  fall  on  its  head;  the  weight 
of  the  blow  stunned  it,  and  seizing  this  opportunity,  I 
striuk  it  again,  which  kUled  it.  I  measured  it,  and 
judged  the  length  to  be  at  least  five  feet  and  an  half,  and 
the  thickest  part  about  four  inches  in  circumference, 
with  nine  rattles  on  the  tail,  which  agreeable  to  \^t 
general  observation,  made  his  age  nine  years;  but  I  be- 
lieve this  is  not  an  established  fact,  as  it  is  uncertam  at 
what  time  the  rattle  begins  to  appear. 

[160]  The  flesh  of  this  reptUe  is  delicious,  and  I  have 
frequently  eaten  of  it  with  great  goftt.  I  have  seen  the 
Indians  poison  it  with  the  juice  of  tobacco. 

WhUst  I  am  on  the  subject,  though  not  quite  con- 
nected with  it,  T  shall  make  some  observations  on  the 
turkey  and  black  water  snake. 

The  turkey  snake  is  longer  than  the  rattle  snake,  with 
stripes  on  the  back,  and  a  spear  a^  the  end  of  its  tail  like 
an  anchor,  and  a  double  row  of  teeth  in  each  jaw.  It 
takes  its  name  from  its  voice,  which  resembles  the  note  of 
a  wUd  turkey.  In  the  Mississippi  it  feeds  on  wild  rice, 
which  grows  among  long  grass,  bearing  its  head  fre- 
quently erect,  and  makes  a  noise  like  a  turkey  to  decoy 
it;  as  the  bird  approaches,  the  snake  darts  its  tail  into 
it,  and  makes  it  an  easy  prey. 

The  black  water  snake  is  used  by  the  Indians  when 
they  go  to  war;  they  pull  out  the  teeth,  tie  the  head  and 
tail  together,  and  fasten  it  round  their  bodies,  which  soon 
kills  it.    They  take  it  of!  every  night,  and  put  it  on  every 

morning.  ,      „•        c* 

In  travelling  from  Toniata  Creek,  on  the  River  bt. 
Laurence  to  Pimetiscotyan  Landing,  on  Lake  Ontario. 
I  saw  one  of  these  snakes  swimming  with  a  flat  fish  in  its 


I' 


1 768- 1 782]     J.  Long's  Voyages  ind  Travels 


199 


mouth,  which  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  shoot,  and  re- 
leased the  prisoner  from  the  jaws  of  death."' 

I  kept  a  flag  constantly  flying  at  my  little  fort,  which  the 
Indians  paid  respect  to  by  a  salute  from  their  guns. 
The  band  who  were  at  this  time  with  me  held  a  council, 
and  made  me  a  present  of  two  very  large  [161]  beaver 
robes,  and  several  valuable  skins,  with  plenty  of  provi- 
sions, for  which  I  supplied  them  with  tobacco,  rum, 
trinkets,  and  ammunition.  Two  days  after  they  left  me, 
and  desired  me  to  wait  their  return,  which  I  promised, 
provided  they  would  bring  me  furs  and  skins  to  load  the 
canoes,  and  they  should  be  repaid  with  Indian  goods.  As 
I  depended  on  their  punctuality,  I  remained  perfectly 
satisfied. 

I  was  then  left  with  two  white  men,  and  two  Indians 
and  their  wives.  We  passed  our  time  in  hunting  and 
fishing;  and  as  there  were  a  great  many  small  islands  near 
us,  we  made  frequent  trips  to  shoot  wild  fowl,  which 
enabled  us  to  keep  a  good  table.  On  one  of  the  islands 
we  discovered  two  Indian  huts,  bu^  from  their  appear- 
ance no  person  had  visited  them  for  a  length  of  time. 
About  half  a  mile  from  the  place  we  saw  a  high  pole, 
daubed  over  with  vermilion  paint ;  on  the  top  were  placed 
three  human  skulls,  and  the  bones  hung  round:  the 
Indians  supposed  it  had  been  erected  many  years.  About 
an  hour  before  sim  setVe  returned  to  our  wigwam.  The 
next  morning,  in  the  absence  of  the  Indians,  the  Cana- 
dians assisted  me  in  mixing  the  rum,  and  assorting  the 
goods,    to    be    prepared    against    the    arrival   of    the 

"  The  true  rattlesnake  (crotatus  horridus)   is  not  found  in   L  The 

one  here  alluded  to  is  the  caudisona  tergemina.  The  age  is  not  indica  y  the 
number  of  the  rattles.  The  black  water-snake  was  probably  the  tropidonatus 
sipedon,  which  feeds  on  fish,  and  is  an  expert  swimmer,  although  not  a  true 
water-snake.     The  "turkey  snake"  cannot  be  identified.  -  Ed. 


I 


'I' 

'•♦  .1!' 


I' 


I 


I 


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;r. 


*-*J 


200 


Early  IVestem  Travels 


[Vol. 


Savages,  and  to  fill  up  the  time,  which  hung  heavy  on 
our  hands. 

On  the  24th  of  June,  a  band  of  Indians  arrived  from 
Lake  Arbitibis,  who  brought  a  considerable  quantity 
of  excellent  furs  and  skins,  with  dried  meat,  which  I 
bartered  for.  When  the  bargain  was  made,  I  gave  them 
some  rum,  as  usual  upon  such  occasions,  which,  after 
their  long  march,  highly  delighted  them.  They  drank 
very  plentifully,  as  I  had  exceeded  the  common  donation, 
but  their  cargo  deserved  it;  and  I  always  found  it  my 
interest  to  be  generous  to  them  upon  a  barter. 

[162/ On  their  departure,  taking  an  Indian  for  my 
guide,  I  made  a  visit  to  a  brother  trader,  one  hundred  and 
fifty  miles  from  my  settlement.  I  stayed  with  him  about 
a  fortnight,  and  was  on  the  point  of  returning,  when  two 
Indians  came  to  inform  me,  by  the  desire  of  my  Cana- 
dians, that  a  band  of  Savages  waited  for  me.  In  about 
five  days  we  returned,  and  I  bartered  for  all  their  furs. 

On  the  1 6th  of  July,  ab- at  fifty  Savages  came  with  their 
spiiiig  hunt,  -vhich  I  also  bartered  for,  though  the  peltry 
was  very  inferior  to  what  is  collected  in  winter;  but  as  I 
was  determined  to  make  as  good  a  season  as  possible,  I 
was  eager  to  avail  myself  of  every  opportunity  to  increase 
my  stock. 

The  latter  end  of  the  month,  the  band  who  had  prom- 
ised to  return  came  in,  and  fulfilled  their  promise,  bring- 
ing a  large  quantity  of  furs,  which,  with  the  stock  I  had 
collected  during  their  absence,  was  as  much  as  my  canoes 
would  hold.  They  also  brought  intelligence  that  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company  had  been  pillaged  of  their  furs 
by  the  French." 

"This  was  the  expedition  of  La  P^rouse,  who  in  the  summer  of  1782 
captured  Fort  Prince  of  Wales  and  York  factory.  See  Wilson,  The  Great 
Company  (Toronto,  1899),  pp.  320-326. —  Ed. 


\. 


1768-178J]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  201 

Early  in  the  month  of  August  I  made  up  my  packs,  and 
embarked  for  Quebec,  where  I  arrived  in  about  six  weeks, 
to  the  great  joy  of  my  employers,  who,  from  my  long  ab- 
sence, were  very  uneasy;  however,  the  cargo  fully  satisfied 
them,  and  convinced  them  of  my  industry  and  integrity 
in  their  service.  Being  persuaded  I  had  undergone  great 
fatigue,  they  made  me  a  handsome  present  above  my 
salary,  and  I  quitted  their  service,  and  the  Indian  life, 
with  a  resolution  to  endeavour  to  procure  an  employ  less 
hazardous,  and  where  I  could  partake  [163]  of  the  pleas- 
ures of  society  with  less  fatigue  both  of  body  and  mind. 

I  remained  some  time  at  Quebec,  and  intended  to  pass 
my  winter  there,  but  my  money  being  nearly  exhausted, 
and  my  mind  not  reconciled  to  another  Indian  voyage,  I 
returned  to  Montreal,  where  I  found  friends  to  supply 
my  wants  till  the  spring  following. 


»fii; 


)  ^ 


[164]  Visit  Fort  George. —  Remarkable  Instance  0}  Cour- 
age in  a  Mohawk  Indian. —  Return  to  England. —  En- 
ter into  a  new  Engagement,  and  return  to  Canada,  with 
Merchandise  for  the  Indian  Commerce. 

In  May  I  took  a  trip  to  Fort  George,  situated  on  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  called  by  the  French,  Saint  Sacrement. 
where  I  stayed  with  some  of  the  Mohawks,  who  wer* 
encamped  there.'""  In  the  beginning  of  the  French  and 
Indian  war  in  1757,  there  was  a  remarkable  instance  of 
resolution  and  cool  deliberate  courage  in  one  of  these 
Savages,  occasioned  by  a  sentence  being  passed  upon  a 
soldier  to  receive  five  hundred  lashes  for  intoxication. 

An  Indian  known  by  the  name  of  Silver  Heels,  from 
his  superior  agility,  as  well  as  his  admirable  finesse  in 
the  art  of  war,  and  who  had  killed  more  of  the  enemy  than 
any  one  of  the  tribes  in  alliance  with  Great  Britain,  acci- 
dentally came  into  the  fort  just  before  the  soldier  was 
to  receive  his  ^junishment,  and  expressed  his  displeasure 
that  a  man  should  be  so  shamefully  disgraced.  He  went 
up  to  the  commanding  officer,  and  asked  him  what  crime 
the  soldier  had  committed:  the  officer  not  chusing  to  be 
questioned,  ordered  one  of  his  men  to  send  Silver  Heels 
away,  and  to  inform  him  that  the  company  of  Indians 


"**'  Lake  George  was  originally  named  Lac  du  St  Sacrement,  by  the  Jesuit 
missionary  and  martyr  Isaac  Jogues,  who  was  there  in  1646.  On  his  expedi- 
tion of  1755,  Sir  William  Johnson  changed  the  name  in  honor  of  his  king. 
Lakes  George  and  Champlain  were  of  strategic  importance  in  all  the  French 
wars,  and  that  of  the  Revolution.  Fort  George  was  a  small  post  on  an 
eminence  a  half  mile  southeast  of  Fort  William  Henry,  built  in  1759  after 
the  destruction  of  the  latter.  Abandoned  temporarily  during  Bvrgoync's 
invasion,  the  gamson  were  surprised  and  captured  by  Carlet  .  (October, 
1780),  and  the  fortification  destroyed.  Nev  York  State  has  appropriated  the 
land  around  the  ruins  of  this  fort  for  Fort  George  Battle  Park. —  Ed. 


I' 


1 768- 1 782]     y.  Long' J  Voyages  and  Travels  203 

was  not  agreeable  on  such  occasions;  \Va!  wa!  or,  Oh! 
oh!  replied  the  Savage,  hut  what  is  the  warrior  tied  up 
for?  Fot  getting  drunk,  answered  [165]  the  soldier: — 
Is  that  all  ?  said  Silver  Heels,  then  provide  another  set  of 
halberts,  and  tie  up  your  chief,  for  he  gets  drunk  *wire  a 
day.  Having  said  so,  he  instantly  left  the  fort,  telling 
the  soldier  he  should  quickly  return,  to  endeavour  to 
prevent  the  punishment  being  inflicted.  Soon  after  the 
delinquent  was  tied  up,  and  the  drummers  in  waiting  to 
obey  orders,  Silver  Heels  returned;  and  going  up  to  the 
officer,  with  a  tomahawk  and  .scalping  knife,  .said  to  him, 
Father,  are  you  a  warrior,  or  do  you  only  think  yourself 
so?  If  you  are  brave,  you  will  not  suffer  your  men  to 
strik  this  soldier  whilst  I  am  in  this  fort.  Let  me  advise 
you  not  to  spill  the  good  English  blood  which  to-morrow 
may  be  wanted  to  oppose  an  enemy. —  The  officer,  turning 
upon  his  heel,  answered  with  an  indignant  look,  that  the 
soldier  had  transgressed,  and  must  be  flogged. —  Well! 
replied  Silver  Heels,  then  flog  him,  and  we  shall  soon  see 
whether  you  are  as  brave  a  warrior  as  an  Indian. 

About  two  days  after  the  officer  was  riding  some  dis- 
tance from  the  fort,  and  Silver  Heels  was  lying  flat  on  his 
stomach,  according  to  his  usual  custom  when  he  watched 
to  surprize  an  enemy.  The  officer  passed  without  per- 
ceiving him,  when  he  instantly  sprung  up.  and  laying 
hold  of  the  horse's  bridle,  told  the  officer  to  dismount  and 
fight  him.  The  officer  judging  it  improper  to  risk  his  life 
against  a  Savage,  refused  to  dismount,  and  endeavoured 
to  spur  his  horse.  Silver  Heels  perceiving  his  intention, 
tomahawked  the  horse,  who  fell  down  suddenly,  and  the 
officer  rolled  on  the  ground  without  being  hurt.  Now, 
says  Silver  Heels,  we  are  on  equal  terms,  and,  as  you  have 
a  brace  of  pistols  and  a  sword,  you  cannot  have  any  ob- 


'   -  .7 


■»  f  I 


it  1  ^ ' 


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h 


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; 


•  iH\ 


t--i 


jcction  to  fight  me.  The  officer  still  refusing,  Silver 
Heels  told  him,  that  he  thought  himself  a  warrior  when 
he  ordered  one  of  his  white  slaves  to  be  flogged  for  a  [i66] 
breach  of  martial  law,  but  that  he  had  now  forgot  the 
character  he  then  assumed,  or  he  certainly  would  have 
fought  him:  and  looking  very  sternly,  added,  that  he  had  a 
great  mind  to  make  hin-  jhangc  his  climate;  but  as  that 
mode  of  proceeding  would  not  answer  his  purpose,  and 
sufficiently  expose  him  among  his  brother  warriors,  he 
might  walk  home  as  soon  as  he  pleased ;  and  that  to-mor- 
row morning  he  would  come  to  the  fort  with  the  horse's 
scalp,  and  relate  the  circumstance.  The  officer  was 
rejoiced  to  escape  so  well,  though  he  was  obliged  to  walk 
a  distance  of  three  miles. 

The  next  morning  Silver  Heels  arrived,  and  asked  to 
see  the  officer,  but  was  denied  admission  into  his  presence. 
Some  of  his  brother  officers  came  out,  and  enquired  his 
business;  he  related  to  them  the  circumstance  between 
the  officer  and  himself,  and  exhibited  the  trophy;  adding, 
that  to-morrow  he  intended  going  to  war,  and  should 
make  a  point  of  taking  an  old  ■  voman  prisoner,  whom  he 
should  send  to  take  the  command  of  the  fort,  as  the  great 
chief  was  only  fit  to  fight  'A'I^h  his  dog,  or  cat,  when  he  was 
eating,  lest  they  should  have  more  than  him.  Then 
asking  for  some  rum  (which  was  given  him),  he  left  the 
fort  to  fulfil  his  promise,  but  was  soon  after  killed  in  an 
engagement,  fighting  manfully  at  the  head  of  a  party  of 
Mohawks,  near  the  Bloody  Pond,  joining  to  Lord  Lou- 
don's road,  in  the  way  to  Albany. 

Just  before  the  frost  set  in,  I  returned  to  Montreal,  and 
visited  my  old  Cahnuaga  friends,  where  I  amused  myself 
in  the  Indian  way,  as  I  always  preferred  their  society  to 
the  Canadians;  notwithstanding,  I  occasionally  mixed  in 


V 


1768-1783]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  205 

more  civilized  amusements,  and  as  I  danced  tolerably 
well,  my  company  was  generally  sought  after. 

[167]  The  Canadians  are  particular'v  fond  of  dancing, 
from  the  seigneur  to  the  habitant;  and  though  the  meaner 
sort  of  people  do  not  excel  in  it,  there  is  a  peculiar  case, 
and  careless  indifference,  which,  though  it  appears  too 
rustic,  is  far  from  being  disagreeable.  The  beverage  -.. 
these  occasions  is  sour  Spanish  red  wine,  calhd  black 
strap;  and  this,  homely  as  it  would  be  thought  in  more 
refined  assemblies,  is  there  considered  as  a  very  hand- 
some manner  of  treating  their  friends. 

The  winter  being  passed,  I  determined  to  go  to  Quebec, 
and  endeavour  to  get  a  pi  :>sage  to  England,  not  having 
any  prospect  of  a  permanent  settlement  in  Canada.  On 
my  arrival  I  put  up  at  a  tavern,  and  lived  as  moderi^iely 
as  possible,  ."rom  necessity  more  than  inclination;  for 
every  one  knows  that  Indian  traders,  like  sailors,  are 
seldom  sufficiently  prudent  to  save  much  money.  For- 
tunately for  me,  I  met  with  an  old  school-fellow  at  Que- 
bec, a  captain  of  a  ship,  whom  I  had  not  seen  for  sixteen 
years.  To  him  I  communicated  my  distressed  situation, 
and  by  him  was  generously  relieved.  In  addition  to  this 
act  of  kindness,  he  promised  me  a  free  passage  to  England 
on  board  his  vessel,  which  offer  I  accepted  with  pleasure 
and  gratitude. 

Having  fixed  the  time  of  his  departure,  I  took  the  post, 
and  went  to  Montreal  to  settle  my  affairs:  I  then  returned 
to  Quebec,  from  whence  we  sailed  the  nth  day  of  Octo- 
ber, 1783,  and  put  into  Newfoundland.  When  we  came 
in  sight  of  harbour,  several  of  us  requested  permission  to 
take  the  long  boat,  and  row  on  shore,  which  was  granted ; 
but  it  being  a  dead  calm,  wc  made  very  little  way.  We 
had  not  left  the  ship  more  than  a  league,  when  a  south- 


•»  1 1 


t 


I    t 


'I 


i1 


ill 


h  '* 


i1 


206 


Early  tVestem  Travels 


(Vol. 


west  wind  sprang  up,  ind  retarded  us  considerably.  In 
the  evening  the  wind  abated,  and  with  hard  rowing  [i68j 
we  reached  the  shore  about  midnight,  both  fatigued  and 
hungry.  Early  in  the  morning  the  ship  came  into  har- 
bour, an<l  had  sufTered  some  damage  by  beating  about  in 
the  night,  which  induced  the  captain  to  dispose  of  the 
cargo.  On  the  gth  of  Novemlx?r  we  felt  Newfoundland, 
on  board  another  vessel:  our  passage  was  favourable, 
without  any  remarkable  o  currence,  and  we  arrived  in 
London  the  30th  of  *\\c  same  month. 

My  native  city,  upon  my  arrival,  appeared  like  a  new 
world  to  me,  I  ing  been  absent  from  England  fifteen 
years;  and  it  w.i.^  .vith  difficulty  I  found  any  of  my  old 
friends,'  the  greatest  part  of  them  in  such  a  length  of 
time  being  dead. 

In  February,  1 784, 1  entered  into  an  engagement  with  a 
relation  to  return  to  Canada ;  and  being  furnished  with  a 
cargo,  left  London  on  the  15th  of  April  following.  On 
the  20th  we  got  under  weigh,  and  put  into  Portsmouth, 
to  take  in  wines.  After  a  bad  and  tedious  passage  of 
eleven  weeks,  we  arrived  safe  at  Quebec,  from  whence 
"ly  goods  were  sent  to  Montreal  in  small  craft.  Un- 
fortunately the  season  'as  too  far  advanced  to  suffer  me 
to  attempt  going  to  M  rhillimakinac,  and  wintering  in 
the  inlands,  as  I  had  no  prospect  of  providing  suitable 
canoes;  nor  were  my  goods  properly  assorted,  and  there 
was  not  time  sufficient  to  arrange  them,  so  as  to  make 
the  intended  voy  ge.  This  induced  me  to  consult  a 
friend  upo;i  the  occasion,  who  advised  me  to  dispose  of  my 
goods  at  public  vendue,  whicn  I  did,  at  very  great  loss,  so 
that  I  could  only  remit  my  friend  in  London  a  very  small 
sum  in  part  of  payment.  In  this  adventure  noth'ng  suc- 
ceeded to  my  wishes,  for  by  my  credulity,  and  bemg  will- 


\<>b 


1 768-1781)     7.  Long's  Foytiges  and  Tntvi'ls  207 


ing  to  retrieve,  if  possible,  the  loss  I  had  sustained,  1  soon 
[i6g]  increased  my  difTiculties,  S4»  that  in  a  few  months 
after  my  arrival,  all  my  schemes  failing,  I  was  left  totally 
destitute. 

In  February,  1785,  I  (juitted  Montreal,  and  walked 
from  La  Prairie  to  St.  John's,""  whcri«  I  accidentally 
found  a  friend  who  supplied  me  with  money  to  ^o  to 
New  York.  I  proceeded  to  Stony  Point,  where  1 
stayed  two  days  with  some  loyalist  oflkers,  some  of  whom 
accompanied  me  to  Crown  Point,  '•'.KTe  wo  also  stayed 
three  days.""  We  then  parted  c  rnpany.  and  I  hired  a 
slay,  which  carried  mc  safely  to  New  York,  where  I 
took  a  lodging,  and  lived  as  moderately  as  I  could. 

During  my  residence  there,  1  met  a  Loretto  Savage, 
called  Indian  John,  who  had  been  in  the  American  ser- 
vice all  the  war,  and  who  waited  to  receive  a  reward 
for  his  fidelity,  as  the  Congress  were  then  sitting.  He 
told  mc  he  had  been  at  war  for  them  nine  years,  had 
killed  a  great  many  of  their  enemies,  and  had  only  re- 
ceived a  gun,  two  blankets,  three  pieces  of  Indian  gar- 
tering, and  one  hundred  dollars  in  paper  money,  which 
he  could  not  make  use  of;  and  as  I  understood  his  language 
he  desired  me  to  render  him  service  by  inteqireting  for 

'"'  For  a  dcs( ription  of  the  road  frcrn  St.  J<ihns  on  ihc  Riihflii-u  River,  at 
thi"  iiullct  of  Lakf  Champlain  — where  the  Kren<  h  built  a  furt  in  174S  —  to 
La  Prairie  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  set  Ka!m,  Truveh  in  Xi>rlh  Amrriea  (Ix>ndon, 
jnd  ed.,  1772),  ii,  pp.  21Q-IJ3. —  Ed. 

""  Oown  Point,  railed  liy  the  Krenih  Pointc  au  Chevalure  (scalp  (Kiint), 
wa.s  fortified  by  the  latter  naliuu  in  1731.  as  their  aiivanred  post  (Fort  St. 
Frederic)  on  the  northern  frontier  I)urin(?  the  F'rem  h  and  Indian  \Var  it 
was  twice  attacked  by  the  English;  but  the  French  retained  po.ssessi.)n  until 
Amherst's  expedition  (1759),  when  Fort  St.  Frederic  was  abandoiied  and 
destroyed.  Amherst  began  here  extensive  fortifications,  the  ruins  of  which 
still  exist.  Crown  Point  was  captured  by  the  .\mericans  in  1775,  and  rejtori'fl 
to  the  British  in  1776.  After  1780  it  was  dismantled  and  fell  into  decay,  so  that 
Long  could  have  found  but  deserted  quarters  at  this  place.-   Eu. 


I. 


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.1 , 

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iii\ 


208 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


him  to  the  governor.  I  desired  him  to  call  at  my  lodg- 
ings, and  in  the  mean  time  I  wrote  down  the  circumstances 
he  had  related  to  me,  that  I  might  be  prepared,  in  case  I 
was  sent  for  at  a  short  notice. 

A  few  days  after  he  explained  to  me  more  fully  the 
nature  of  his  claim,  and  how  he  had  been  trifled  with  by 
Congress.  I  asked  him  his  reasons  for  engaging  in  the 
American  service;  he  told  me  that  at  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  the  Big  Knives  (meaning  the  Americans),  had 
advised  him  to  turn  his  heart  from  the  English,  and  prom- 
ised to  supply  all  his  [170]  wants;  and,  as  an  additional 
inducement,  that  they  would  pay  a  better  price  for  a 
scalp  than  had  been  usually  given,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war  he  should  have  land  and  stock  sufficient  to  maintain 
himself  and  family:  but  he  was  now  convinced  they  only 
meant  to  serve  themselves,  as  he  had  frequently  applied 
for  a  performance  of  their  promises  without  success;  and 
that  he  was  determined  to  get  satisfaction  some  way  or 
other. 

I  told  him  I  was  not  sorry  for  his  disappointments; 
that  he  was  a  bad  Indian  for  deserting  his  good  father, 
who  lived  on  the  other  side  the  great  water,  and  who 
was  universally  beloved  by  all  who  knew  him,  particu- 
larly by  the  Loretto  nation;  and  as  the  subjects  of  this 
great  and  good  father  lived  near  his  village,  and  gave 
every  proof  of  their  love  and  friendship  to  his  nation, 
which  he  could  not  be  ignorant  of,  I  was  surprized  that 
he  should  suffer  his  heart  to  be  moved  by  the  changeable 
winds,  and  was  sorry  to  add,  that  I  believed  he  was  the 
only  Loretto  Indian  with  two  minds,  and  therefore 
I  was  unwilling  to  say  any  thing  in  his  behalf  before 
Congress. 

These  remarkb  on  his  conduct  seemed  to  affect  him. 


1 768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  209 

and  he  replied,  that  he  hoped,  notwithstanding  he  had 
deserted  the  cause  of  his  great  father,  he  should  find  me 
his  friend  to  attend  him  when  his  affair  should  be  taken 
under  consideration  by  Congress,  as  he  had  not  any  one 
in  New  York  who  could  serve  him  so  essentially.  I  told 
him,  that  in  spite  of  my  just  displeasure,  his  situation  had 
melted  my  heart,  and  I  would  not  refuse  his  request. 

In  about  four  days  he  came  to  acquaint  me  that  Con- 
gress were  then  sitting,  and  he  believed  they  would  pay 
his  demand  if  I  would  go  [171]  with  him,  and  interpret  to 
the  governor;  but  having  taken  an  active  part  against  the 
Americans  during  the  war,  I  would  willingly  have  been 
excused.  On  his  urging  my  promise  to  him,  I  could  not 
resist,  and  immediately  accompanied  him  to  the  council, 
where  Governor  Franklin  was  president,  who  asked  me  if 
I  knew  Indian  John;  I  told  him,  only  by  seeing  him  at 
New  York,  and  that  I  came  at  his  particular  request  to 
speak  in  his  behalf.  He  desired  me  to  assure  the  Indian 
that  he  might  depend  on  having  his  demand  satisfied 
in  a  few  days,  and  to  make  his  mind  easy:  this  I  com- 
municated to  him,  with  which  he  seemed  perfectly 
satisfied. 

Soon  after  he  was  sent  for,  and  he  received  an  order 
on  a  merchant  for  one  hundred  dollars,  which  being 
presented  for  payment,  was  not  honoured:  this  incensed 
John,  and  he  desired  me  to  tell  the  merchant,  that  the 
Congress  and  their  agents  were  all  thieves.  The  mer- 
chant excused  himself  by  saying  that  the  treasury  was 
very  poor,  and  could  not  immediately  satisfy  every  de- 
mand. 

The  next  day  John  went  again  to  the  governor,  and 
having  acquainted  him  with  the  refusal  of  the  draft,  re- 
ceived an  order  on  another  merchant,  which  was  duly 


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honoured.'"  John's  heart  was  quite  elated,  and  in  less 
than  ten  days  he  had  disposed  of  all  the  money,  like  a 
true  Indian,  principally  in  drink. 

My  interference  in  favour  of  the  Indian  made  me  well 
known,  and  procured  me  an  introduction  to  a  respectable 
mercantile  house,  from  which  I  got  credit  for  the  Indian 
trade.  Having  arranged  my  cargo,  I  proceeded  in  a 
vessel  to  Albany,  where  I  arrived  on  the  i8th  of  June. 
[172]  At  this  place  I  unloaded  my  goods,  and  got  them 
conveyed  in  a  waggon  to  Schenectady,  where  I  purchased 
two  boats.  On  the  6th  of  July  I  proceeded  up  the  Mo- 
hawk River,  to  the  German  Flats,  where  I  stayed  three 
days;  during  which  time  a  1:)and  of  Oneida  Indian j  came 
and  solicited  me  to  winter  at  their  village,  which  was 
about  ten  days  march  from  Fort  Stanwix.  I  complied 
with  their  request,  and  set  off  with  twenty-eight  horses  to 
carry  my  baggage,  being  obliged  to  travel  through  the 
woods,  and  sold  my  boats  to  satisfy  those  from  whom  I 
hired  the  horses.  I  arrived  safe  at  the  village  with  all  my 
goods,  but  finding  the  plan  was  not  likely  to  turn  out 
advantageous,  after  a  residence  with  them  three  weeks, 
I  bartered  for  the  few  skins  they  had,  and  having  re-pur- 
chased my  boats,  I  left  my  Indian  friends,  proceeding 
immediately  to  the  Jenesee  Lake,  where  I  arrived  on  the 
14th  of  September. 

Having  landed  and  secured  my  goods,  I  ordered  my 
men_to  prepare  a  house.    The  chiefs,  on  hearing  of  my 

"*  This  incident  indicates  the  low  state  of  the  (  redit  of  the  United  States. 
Congress  passed  the  act  for  the  rehef  of  this  Tr  in,  April  8,  1785,  as  follows: 
"On  report  of  a  committee,  consisting  of  Mr  Howell.  Mr.  Long,  and  Mr. 
Holton,  to  whom  was  referred  a  petition  of  John  Vincent,  an  Indian  of  the 
Huron  tribe,  Resolved,  That  in  consideration  of  the  faithful  services  of  John 
Vincent,  an  Indian  of  the  Huron  tribe,  in  the  course  of  the  late  war,  he  be 
allowed  and  paid  by  the  commissioners  of  the  treasury,  the  sum  100  dollars." — 
Journals  oj  Congress  (Philadelphia,  1801),  x,  p.  82.—  Ed. 


t  i 


1 768-1 782]     y.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels  21 1 

arrival,  assembled,  and  came  up  to  me,  accompanied  by 
their  young  men,  expecting  presents,  which  I  was  obliged 
to  make;  and  I  asked  permission  to  stay  on  their  ground. 
Some  consented,  and  others  disapproved;  at  the  last, 
after  consulting  each  other,  they  told  me  I  might  go  on 
with  the  building.  The  men  immediately  proceeded 
with  cheerfulness  and  dispatch,  in  hopes  of  finishing  the 
business  before  their  return;  but  how  transitory  are  all 
human  events!  whilst  the  men  were  at  work,  some  Indians 
came  in  great  haste  to  desire  my  attendance  at  the  council 
fire,  which  was  at  a  small  distance  from  my  intended  place 
of  residence.  I  obeyed  the  summons,  and  sat  down  by 
the  chiefs,  when  one  of  ther  rose  up,  and  addressed  me 
to  the  following  effect. 

[173]  "You  .  the  Sugar,  for  so  you  are  called  in  our 
tongue,  but  yo-  must  not  have  too  much  sweetness  on 
your  lips.  All  the  Oneida  Indians  say  they  have  heard 
that  you  are  only  come  under  a  pretence  to  get  our  lands 
from  us;  but  this  must  not  be,  my  young  warriors  will 
not  sufiFer  any  Englishman  to  settle  here.  You  are  like 
the  great  chief.  General  Johnson,  who  asked  for  a  spot 
of  ground,  or  large  bed,  to  lie  on;  and  when  Hendrick,  the 
chief  of  the  Mohawks,  had  granted  his  request,  he  got 
possession  of  a  great  quantity  of  our  hunting  grounds; 
and  we  have  reason  to  think  that  you  intend  to  dream  us 
out  of  our  natural  rights.'"*  We  loved  Sir  William,  and 
therefore  consented  to  all  his  requests;  but  you  are  a 
stranger,  and  must  not  take  these  liberties:   therefore, 

'"Hendrick  was  the  well-known  Mohawk  chief,  liorn  about  1680,  whose 
friendship  for  the  English  and  especially  for  Sir  William  Johnson  kept  his  tribe 
firm  in  the  Knglish  all-"  ice  during  the  French  wars.  Hendrick  lived  at  Cana- 
joharie  in  the  Mohawk  Valley.  .■\t  the  Albany  Conference  (1754),  he  was  one 
of  the  most  prominent  negotiators;  but  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Lake  George 
the  following  year. —  Ed. 


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Early  Western  Travels 


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my  advice  is,  that  you  depart  to-morrow  at  break  of  day, 
or  you  will  be  plundered  by  the  young  warriors,  and  it 
will  not  be  in  our  power  to  redress  you." 

As  I  have  mentioned  a  council,  I  shall  describe  the 
form  of  a  house  erected  for  that  purpose  near  Fort  Pitt. 

The  building  is  long,  with  two  fires  in  it  at  a  proper  dis- 
tance from  each  other,  without  any  chimney  or  partition : 
the  entry  into  the  house  is  by  two  doors,  one  at  each  end : 
over  the  door  the  figure  of  a  turtle  was  drawn,  which  is 
the  ensign  of  the  particular  tribe:  on  each  doorpost  was 
cut  out  the  face  of  an  old  man,  an  emblem  of  that  gravity 
and  wisdom  that  every  senator  ought  to  be  possessed  of. 
On  each  side,  the  whole  length  of  the  house  within,  is  a 
platform,  or  bed,  five  feet  wide,  raised  above  the  floor 
one  foot  and  a  hali,  made  of  broad  pieces  of  wood  split, 
which  serves  equally  for  a  bed  to  sleep  on,  and  ?.  place 
to  sit  down.  It  is  covered  with  a  handsome  mat  made  of 
rushes,  and  at  the  upper  end  of  the  building  the  king,  or 
great  chief  sat. 

[174]  To  return  from  this  digression, —  We  baled  up  our 
goods,  and  proceeded  to  Fort  Oswego,  which  I  attempted 
to  pass,  but  was  prevented  by  a  centinel,  who  informed  me 
that  no  batteau  with  goods  could  pass  without  the  com- 
manding officer's  permission.  I  told  him  I  was  not  an 
American,  and  would  wait  on  him  to  know  if  he  had  issued 
such  orders.  I  travelled  in  my  Indian  dress,  and  left  my 
men  at  the  landing,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
garrison.  I  paid  my  respects  to  him,  and  acquainted 
him  with  my  situation:  he  told  me  he  should  be  very 
happy  to  oblige  me,  but  that  it  was  impossible  to  pass  the 
fort  without  proper  credentials;  and  as  I  had  them  not, 
he  desired  me  to  return  to  the  United  States,  to  prevent 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  213 

my  goods  being  seized.  Notwithstanding  this  friendly 
advice,  I  was  determined  to  run  the  risk,  and,  to  my 
extreme  mortification,  they  all  were  seized  by  the  custom- 
house officers,  by  them  deposited  in  the  king's  warehouse, 
and  afterwards  condemned. 

In  this  distressed  situation,  and  very  ill  in  health,  I  went 
down  in  a  king's  boat  to  Cataraqui,  where  I  arrived  on 
the  8th  of  November,  and  took  up  my  abode  at  Mr. 
Howell's  tavern.  My  indisposition  increasing,  T  was 
obliged  to  keep  to  my  blankets,  and  had  only  one  faithful 
squaw  to  attend  me.  In  this  miserable  state  I  lay  some 
time,  expecting  every  hour  to  change  my  climate,  though 
determined  to  use  every  endeavour  to  effect  a  recovery. 
At  this  mteresting  period  my  correspondent  arrived  from 
England,  am  lotwithstanding  the  losses  he  had  sus- 
tained by  my  imprudence,  performed  the  part  of  a  good 
Samaritan,  pouring  oil  and  wine  uito  my  wounds;  and 
finding  my  disorder  required  medical  assistance,  desired 
a  surgeon  to  attend  me,  and  I  was  soon  sufficiently  re- 
covered to  pursue  my  journey  to  La  Chine,  where  I 
remained  some  months  in  preparing  the  goods  which  he 
brought  from  England  [175]  for  a  North-west  journey 
among  the  Indians,  intending  to  go  next  spring  to  Mich- 
illimakinac;  mais  la  mauvaise  fortune  qui  nous  poursuivil 
toUjours,  frustrated  all  our  schemes,  and  obliged  us  to 
leave  La  Chine  on  the  26th  of  May,  1786,  from  whence 
we  proceeded  in  a  large  Schenectady  boat""  to  Oswe- 
gatche,  where  we  stopped  a  few  hours,  and  landed  at  a 
place  called  Toniata  Creek,  where  I  determined  to  apply 

""  Schenectady  boats  were  long,  narrow,  flat-bottoms,  propelled  by  small 
and  ungainly  sails,  or  by  iron-shod  poles.  They  were  su  named  from  being 
first  built  at  Schenectady,  and  were  much  used  in  the  shallow  water  navigation 
of  Western  New  York  and  tne  Upper  St.  Lawrence. —  Ed. 


A 


m' 


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for  five  hundred  acres  of  land  as  a  loyalist  settler;'" 
which  being  granted  me  by  government,  I  immediately 
felled  timber  to  build  a  house  for  the  accommodation  of 
Indians,  in  hopes  of  deriving  considerable  advantages  by 
barter. 

In  a  few  days  the  Indians  came  to  trade  with  us,  which 
gave  us  encouragement,  and  at  the  same  time  flattered 
us  with  the  pleasing  ideas  of  succeeding  in  commerce: 
but  some  affairs  requiring  my  fi-iend's  attendance  at 
Montreal,  trade  suffered  a  temporary  suspense,  and  at 
his  return  he  told  me  that  we  must  leave  our  quarters, 
for  he  was  apprehensive  of  a  seizure  for  an  English  debt. 

In  this  cruel  dilemma,  flight  was  our  only  security, 
and  we  embarked  all  our  goods  on  board  a  large  batteau, 
and  proceeded  to  Pimitiscotyan  landing  upon  Lake 
Ontario,  where  we  entered  a  creek,  and  found  accommo- 
dation at  a  trader's  house.  The  next  morning  we  pre- 
pared a  house  for  trade,  and  for  some  days  went  on  suc- 
cessfully; but  our  happiness  was  of  short  duration,  for  an 
officer  pursued  us,  and  took  possession  of  all  the  effects 
he  could  find,  even  to  the  ter..  which  sheltered  us  from 
the  weather,  and  carried  them  down  to  Montreal,  where 
tbey  were  sold  for  less  than  one  fourth  part  of  their 
original  cost  and  charges. —  Thus  circumstanced,  with- 
out any  property  to  trade  with,  we  came  down  [176]  to 
the  Bay  of  Kenty,  and  resided  there  ten  months  among 
the  loyalist  settlers,  whose  hospitality  tended  to  soften  the 
rigour  of  distress,  and  alleviate  my  sorrows.     Early  in 


"*  The  Canadian  government  was  at  this  period  granting  large  areas  of 
land  north  of  the  St.  LawTencc,  and  of  Lake  Ontario,  to  the  Loyalists  of  the 
United  States,  who  were  removing  thither.  Two  hundred  acres  were  given 
to  each  settler;  and  higher  ai.iounts,  according  to  rank,  to  those  who  had  served 
in  the  British  army.  See  Canniff,  History  oj  the  Settlement  oj  Upper  Canada 
(Toronto,  1869).— Ed. 


Va 


\      i- 


1 768-1 782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


215 


spring,  1786,  vvc  crossed  over  to  Carlton  Island,  and  from 
thence  to  Fort  Oswego,  intending  to  go  into  the  United 
States  by  that  post;  but  not  having  any  pass,  we  were  not 
allowed  to  pursue  our  journey.  In  this  mortifying 
situation  I  advised  my  friend  to  adopt  another  plan,  and 
procured  a  conveyance  to  Salmon  Creek,  about  twenty 
miles  from  the  Fort.  Here  we  rested  one  day,  and  with 
five  pounds  of  pork,  and  two  loaves  of  bread,  we  set  off 
on  foot,  escorted  by  a  squaw,  expecting  to  reach  Fort 
Stanwix  in  about  four  days;  but  the  old  path  was  en- 
tirely obliterated,  and  we  were  obliged  to  return  in  the 
evening  to  the  creek,  disappointed  in  the  attempt.  Un- 
willing to  make  another  effort,  we  agreed  to  return  to 
Fort  Oswego,  and  though  the  distance  was  not  more  than 
twenty  miles,  we  were  six  days  before  we  reached  the 
garrison. 

In  this  expedition  my  friend  suffered  great  hardships, 
not  being  accustomed  to  sleep  in  the  woods;  and  having 
also  a  knapsack  with  about  thirty  pounds  weight  to  carry, 
grieved  him  exceedingly:  the  shortness  of  provisicns  in- 
creased the  distress,  for  it  cannot  be  supposed  that  five 
pounds  of  pork,  and  two  loaves  of  bread,  would  last 
three  persons  any  length  of  time. 

Previous  to  our  journey's  end,  we  were  twelve  hours 
without  any  sustenance,  except  wild  onions;  but  fortu- 
nately we  found  on  the  sand  about  one  hundred  and  forty 
birds  eggs,  which  we  boiled,  and  eagerly  devoured,  not- 
withstanding the  greatest  part  had  young  birds  in  them, 
with  small  down  on  their  bodies. 

[177]  On  our  arrival  at  the  fort,  the  commanding  officer 
rallied  us  on  our  attempt ;  and  taking  my  friend  aside,  ad- 
vised him  either  to  return  to  Montreal,  or  go  up  to  Niagara, 
as  he  was  sure  he  was  not  equal  to  the  fatigue  of  an  Indian 


IB 


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life.  He  followed  the  officer's  advice,  and  left  me  at  the 
fort,  which  I  soon  afterwards  quitted,  and  went  down  to 
Montreal;  from  thence  I  got  a  conveyance  to  Quebec;  and 
being  greatly  distressed,  applied  to  Lord  Dorchester  for 
relief,  who  generously  directed  his  aid  de  camp  to  accom- 
pany me  to  Lieut.  General  Hope,'"'  and  strongly  recom- 
mended mc  to  his  notice,  to  be  employed  in  an  Indian 
capacity.  Being  in  some  measure  relieved,  and  supplied 
with  a  few  dollars  and  other  necessaries,  I  was  sent  up  to 
Cataraqui. 

I  left  Quebec,  and  arrived  at  Montreal  on  the  14th 
of  July:  the  next  day  I  pursued  my  journey  on  foot,  but 
seeing  two  Indians  of  my  acquaintance  in  a  canoe,  and 
having  some  money  in  my  pocket  to  buy  rum,  I  hired 
them  to  convey  me  to  Cataraqui,  and  in  our  way  we 
killed  plenty  of  game. 

On  the  igth  of  August  I  delivered  my  credentials  to 
the  proper  officer,  but  he  could  not  render  me  any  ser- 
vice; however,  he  recommended  me,  by  letter,  to  his 
friend  at  Carlton  Island,  where  Sir  John  Johnson'"'  was 

""  Guy  Carlcton,  Lord  Dorchester,  served  with  Amherst  at  Ix)uisburg,  in 
1758.  The  next  year  he  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Quebec.  In  1766  he 
v»as  made  governor  of  Quebec,  and  was  governor  of  Canada,   1767-70.     In 

1775,  he  was  again  made  governor  of  Quebec,  and  defended  Canada  against 
the  American  forces  until  reUeved  by  Haldimand  in  1778.  In  1782,  he  suc- 
ceeded Clinton  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  America,  and  having 
evacuated  New  York  in  1783,  returned  with  tnc  troops  to  England.  He  was 
created  Baron  Dorchester  in  1786,  and  appointed  governor-general  of  Canada, 
whither  he  arrived  in  October,  serving  as  the  ruler  of  this  province  until  1796, 
when  he  retired  to  England,  where  he  died  in  1808. 

Henry  Hope,  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  44th  regiment,  came  to  America  in 

1776,  and  served  throughout  the  war.  In  Novemljer,  1785,  he  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Canada,  and  served  as  acting  governor  until  the  arrival  of 
Dorchester,  under  whom  he  continued  as  lieutenant-governor  until  his  death 
at  Quebec,  April  13,  178Q. —  Ed. 

""  Sir  John  Johnson  was  the  son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Johnsf-n,  the  New 
York  Indian  agent.     Bom  in  the  Mohawk  Valley  in  1742,  he  received  part  of 


ll 


1768-1782]     y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  217 

waiting  for  a  vessel  to  convey  him  to  Niaj^ara,  to  hold  a 
council  with  the  Indians:  fortunately  I  procured  an  in- 
terview with  him,  and  communicating  to  him  my  situa- 
tion, he  oidered  me  to  be  in  readiness  to  assist  as  inter- 
preter at  his  return.  On  the  i8th  of  Septcniber,  Sir 
John  Johnson  met  us  at  the  head  of  the  bay  of  Kenty;  the 
instant  the  Indians  heard  of  his  arrival,  they  saluted  him 
with  a  discharge  of  small  arms,  and  having  received 
some  rum,  they  danced  and  sung  all  night  [178]  their 
war  songs;  one  of  them  I  particularly  noticed,  which  was 
to  the  following  effect : — 

"At  last  our  good  father  is  arrived,  he  has  broken  the 
small  branches,  and  cleared  his  way  to  meet  us.  He  has 
given  us  presents  in  abundance,  and  only  demands  this 
large  bed  (meaning  a  considerable  tract  of  land  which 
was  described  on  a  map)." 

At  twelve  o'clock  the  next  day  a  council  was  held,  and 
Sir  John  laid  his  map  before  them,  desiring  a  tract  of  land 
from  Toronto  to  Lake  Huron.  This  the  Indians  agreed 
to  grant  him,  and  the  deed  of  gilt  being  shewn  them,  it  was 
signed  by  the  chiefs'  affixing  the  emblem,  or  figure  of 
their  respective  totams,  as  their  signatures. 

Sir  John  Johnson  then  left  them,  and  embarked  for 
Cataraqui,  the  capital  of  the  loyalist  settlements. 

Previous  to  his  departure,  I  made  him  more  fully  ac- 
quainted with  my  distressed  situation,  and  procured  from 
him  a  temporary  supply,  which  enabled  me  to  go  down 

his  education  in  England,  and  vvas  knighted  there  in  1765.  He  succeeded  to 
his  father's  position  and  estates  in  1774,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution 
escaped  to  Canada,  where  he  was  made  colonel  in  the  British  army.  His  ser- 
vices during  the  war,  leading  Iroquois  against  the  border  settlements  in  the 
Mohawk  and  Cherry  V'alley,  are  well  known.  His  estates  were  confiscated 
by  the  State  of  New  York,  and  he  retired  to  Canada,  where  he  was  made  super- 
intendent general  of  Indian  affairs  in  British  North  America.  His  death 
occurred  at  Montreal  in  1830. —  Ed. 


i^ 


2l8 


Early  fVestem  Travels 


[Vol. 


i 


y, 


I  -      ' 


.  i 


to  the  third  Township  in  the  Bay  of  Ktnty,"*  where  I 
stayed  with  my  loyalist  friends  till  the  spring  of  1787; 
during  which  time  I  had  frequent  opportunities  of  making 
observations  on  the  flourishing  state  of  the  new  settle- 
ments. 

The  settlements  of  loyalists  in  Canada,  bid  fair  to  be  a 
valuable  acquisition  to  Great  Britain ;  and  in  case  of  a 
war  with  the  United  States,  will  Ix;  able  to  furnish  not 
only  some  thousands  of  veteran  troops,  hut  a  rising  genera- 
tion of  a  hardy  race  of  men,  whose  principles  during  [179] 
the  last  war  stimulated  them  to  every  exertion,  even  at 
the  expence  of  their  property,  families,  and  friends,  in 
support  of  the  cause  they  so  warmly  espoused.  There 
was,  howc'  -T,  when  I  resided  in  the  country,  one  cause 
of  complaint,  which,  though  it  may  not  immediately 
affect  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  the  present  inhabi- 
tants, or  prevent  an  encrease  of  population,  in  proportion 
to  the  unlocated  lands,  is  big  with  impending  danger,  and 
which,  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  public,  I  shall  endeav- 
our to  explain. 

All  the  land  from  Point  au  Baudet  (the  beginning  of 
the  loyalist  settlements  on  the  River  St.  Laurence),  to 
the  head  of  the  bay  of  Kenty,  which  at  this  period  I  am 
informed,  contains  at  least  ten  thousand  souls,  is  said 
to  be  liable  to  the  old  feudal  system  of  the  French  seigneu- 
ries;  the  lords  of  which  claim  title  to  receive  some  rent, 
or  exercise  some  paramount  right,  which,  though  it  may 
>^"  at  present  very  insignificant,  and  which  perhaps  may 
never  be  insisted  on,  renders   every  man  dependent  on 


""In  the  surveys  mafic  in  1783-84,  preliminary  to  the  Loyalists'  settlement, 
ten  townships  were  set  off  in  Quinti?  Bay,  which  were  long  known  by  their 
respective  numbers.  The  third  township  was  that  now  called  Fredericks- 
burgh,  and  was  chiefly  settled  by  Johnson's  disbanded  soldiers. —  Ed. 


m 


I  If 


li 


\i 


1 768- 1 78 J ]     y.  Long's  Foyages  ami  Travels  219 

the  lord  of  the  manor,  anfl,  in  process  of  time,  as  land 
becomes  more  valuable,  the  raising;  these  rents,  or  the 
exercise  of  these  rights,  may  occasion  frcfjucnt  (iisi»utes: 
I  think  therefore,  with  submission  to  our  j^overnment, 
that  as  many  hundreds  of  Americans  are  now  settled 
there,  and  doubtless  many  more  may  occasionnlly  miprate 
from  the  United  States,  either  from  Ix-inj?  disgusted  with 
the  jK)lity  of  the  country,  or  from  an  idea  of  reaping 
greater  benefits  as  subjects  of  Great  Britain,  it  iK'hoves 
us  to  remove  every  obstacle  of  subserviency,  and  either 
by  purchase,  or  any  other  mcxle  Administration  shall 
think  fit  to  adopt,  render  all  the  lands  in  Canada,  granted 
to  loyalist  subjects,  or  others  who  have,  or  may  voluntarily 
take  the  oaths  of  allegiance,  as  free  as  those  in  Nova 
Scotia.'" 

[180]  Men  who  ha'c  been  engaged  in  ti'eir  country's 
cause  from  the  best  of  principles,  should  have  every 
possible  indulgence;  and  in  proportion  as  they  have  Ix'en 
deprived  of  comforts  by  the  desolation  of  war,  they 
should  be  recompensed  without  any  partial  restrictions, 
and  the  remainder  of  their  days  rendered  as  happy  as 
the  government  they  live  under  can  make  them. 

The  population  of  these  new  settlements,  and  their 
parallel  situation  with  Fort  Oswegatche,  Carleton  Island, 
Oswego,  and  Niagara,  evince,  perhaps,  more  forcibly 
than  ever,  the  propriety  of  retaining  those  barriers  in  our 
possession,  which,  in  the  former  part  of  this  work,  I 
have  fully  explained;  and  as  the  third  Township  alone 
(which  is  nine  miles  square)  contained,  in  the  year  1787, 

""  On  the  land  system  of  Canada,  see  CannifT,  History  oj  SelUemtnl  oj 
I'pper  Canada;  and  Kingsfurd,  History  oj  Canada  (London  and  Toronto, 
i8<)4),  vii,  pp.  300-31.V  The  feudal  tenure  was  not  abolished  in  Qucfx'C  until 
1854;  but  the  Act  of  i7gi,  separating  l'p|K'r  from  Lower  Canada,  decreed  a 
modern  system  for  the  Loyalist  settlements, —  Ed. 


A 


•'  1 1 


h 
'I  IV 


I". 


220 


Early  IVestem  Travels 


[Vol. 


i     • 


about  seventeen  hundred  inhabitants,  it  is  difficult  to 
say  what  number  of  valuable  subjects  that  country  may 
hereafter  produce;  certain  it  is,  that  it  is  capable  of  sup- 
porting multitudes,  as  the  land  is  in  general  fertile,  and 
on  an  average  produces  about  thirty  bushels  of  wheat 
per  acre,  even  in  the  imperfect  manner  in  which  it  is 
cleared,  leaving  all  the  stumps  about  three  feet  high,  and 
from  five  to  ten  trees  on  an  acre.  This  mode  of  clearing 
is  in  fact  absolutely  necessary,  because  new  cultivated 
lands  in  hot  climater  require  shelter,  to  prevent  the 
scorching  heat  of  the  sun,  which,  in  its  full  power,  would 
burn  up  the  seed.  It  has  also  been  found  ex|)edient  in 
stony  ground  to  let  the  stones  remain,  as  they  retain  a 
moisture  favorable  to  vegetation. 

In  the  month  of  May  I  left  the  new  settlements,  and 
went  down  to  Montreal,  and  from  thence  to  Quebec, 
where  I  wait'^d  on  Lord  Dorchester,  but  could  not  gain 
admiitance.  I  was  afterwards  informed  [i8i]  that  his 
lords,'!!.'  was  indisposed.  I  then  went  to  Lieut  General 
Hope's,  but  he  had  embarked  for  England. 

So  many  mortifying  disappointments  affected  me  very 
sensibly,  but  as  discouragements  generally  encreased  my 
exertions,  I  was  more  assiduous  in  my  endeavours  to 
live,  and  whilst  I  was  contriving  schemes  for  future  sup- 
port, I  received  a  supply  from  a  friend:  so  seasonable  a 
relief  braced  up  al!  my  nerves,  and  I  felt  a  pleasure  that 
can  scarce  be  conceived  by  any  but  such  as  have  experi- 
enced hardships  and  difficulties  similar  to  mine. 

My  heart  being  cheered,  and  every  gloomy  thought 
dispersed,  I  determined  to  leave  the  country  whilst  I  had 
money  in  my  pocket.  Having  found  another  friend  to 
sign  a  pass,  I  went  on  board  a  ship  then  lying  in  the  River 
St.  Laurence,  on  the  25th  of  October,  and  arrived  in 


't.1 


1 768- 1 78 j]     J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  ?.2i 

London  the  beginning  of   December  following,  rejoiced 
at  again  setting  foot  on  my  native  shore. 

Having  finished  the  historical  part  of  my  work,  I  have 
only  to  solicit  the  candid  indulgence  of  the  public  for  any 
literary  errors  I  may  have  been  guilty  of;  and  with  great 
respect  to  convey  to  them  an  humble  hope  t'lat  the 
Voyages  and  Travels,  together  with  the  Vocabulary 
subjoined,  may  not  be  found  totally  unworthy  their 
attention. 


4 


!  . 


A 


w 
^'(( 


K 


\{ 


',  'f 


1 


M 


^'1 


r '  !i 


VOCABULARY 


English 

Esquimea  x 

Arrow 

Katso 

Bow 

Petiksick 

Boat 

Kagak 

Dog 

Micke,  or  Timitok 

Eye 

Killick,  or  Shik 

Egg 

Manneguk 

Ear 

Tehiu 

Four  (number) 

Missilagat 

Foot 

Itikak 

Hair 

Nutshad 

Heaven 

Taktuck,  or  Nabugdkshe 

Head 

Niakock 

Knife 

Shavie 

Moon 

Tdkock 

Oar 

Pacotick 

One  (number) 

Kombuc 

Sun 

Shikonac,  or  Sak^knuc 

Two  (number) 

Tigal 

Three  (number) 

Ke 

Rain 

Killaluck 

Tooth 

Ukak 

Water 

Sillakakto 

n 


1^ 


K 


1  i 


\i\ 


N.  B.  Esquimeau,  in  the   singular  Number,  means  an 
Eater  of  raw  Flesh. 


224 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.2 


t  * 


[184]    English 

Iroquois 

One 

Uskat 

Two 

Tekkeny 

Three 

Agnsey 

Four 

Kayeery 

Five 

Wisk 

Six 

Y^yak 

Seven 

Tsykdak 

Eight 

Sadego 

Nine 

Tyoughtow 

Ten 

Oy^ry 

Eleven 

Oyery  uskat  yawkrey 

Twelve 

Oy^ry  tekkeny  yawkrey 

Thirteen 

Oy^ry  aghsey  yawkrey 

Fourteen 

Oy^ry  kayeery  yawarey 

Fifteen 

Oy^ry  wisk  yawkrey 

Sixteen 

Oy^ry  ykyak  yawkrey 

Seventeen 

Oy^ry  tsykdak  yawkrey 

Eighteen 

Oyery  sadego  yawkrey 

Nineteen 

Oy^ry  tyoughtow  yawkrey 

Twenty 

Towwaghsey 

Twenty  one 

Towwaghsey  uskat  yawkrey 

Twenty  two 

Towwaghsey  tekkeny  .yawk- 

rey 

Twenty  three 

Towwaghsey  aghsey  yawkrey 

Twciity  four 

Towwaghsey  kayeery  yawk- 

rey 

Twenty  five 

Towwaghsey  wisk  yawkrey 

}\[*\> 


a: 


1791] 


y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


225 


[185]    Algonkin 

Chippeway 

Payjik 

Payshik 

Ninch 

Ncesh 

Nissoo 

Neesswoy 

Neoo 

Neon 

Naran 

Narnan 

Ningor  ■  v  assoo 

Negutwosswoy 

Ninchowassoo 

Neeshswosswoy 

Nissowassoo 

Swosswoy 

Shongassoo 

Shangosswoy 

Metassoo 

Metosswoy 

Metassoo  ashy  payjik 

Metosswoy  asshca  payshik 

Metassoo  ashy  ninch 

Metosswoy  asshea  neesh 

Metassoo  ashy  nissoo 

Metosswoy  asshea  neesswoy 

Metassoo  ashy  neoo 

Metosswoy  asshea  neon 

Metassoo  ashy  naran 

Metosswoy  asshea  narnan 

Metassoo  ashy  ningootwas- 

Metosswoy  asshea  negutwos- 

soo 

swoy 

Metassoo  ashy  ninchowas- 

Metosswoy asshea  neesh- 

soo 

swosswoy 

Metassoo  ashy  nissowassoo 

Metosswoy ;.           ^wosswoy 

Metassoo  ashy  shongassoo 

Metosswoy  a^          ihangos- 

swoy 

Ninchtana 

Neesh  tanner 

Ninchtkna  ashy  payjik 

Neesh  tanner  asshea  payshik 

Ninchtkn^  ashy  ninch 

Neesh  tanner  asshea  neesh 

Ninchtknk  ashy  nissoo 

Neesh  tanner  asshea  neesswoy 

Ninch  I  ink  ashy  neoo 

Neesh  tanner  asshea  neon 

f\ 


>   ri 


1" 


r 


i 


I' 


Ninchtank  ashy  na'-an 


Neesh  tanner  asshea  narnan 


^'m 


pp 


I'i 


I 


'■i 


226                   Early 

IVestern  Travels                 [Vol.  2 

[186]    English 
Twenty  six 

Iroquois 
Towwaghsey  ykyak  yawkrey 

Twenty  seven 

Towwaghsey  tsykdak  yawk- 

Twenty  eight 

Towwaghsey  sad<5go  yawk- 

Twenty  nine 

rey 
Towwaghsey    tyoughtow 

yawarey 

Thirty 
Thirty  one 

Thirty  two 

Thirty  three 

Aghsey  newaghsey 

Af^'isey     newaghsey     uskat 

yawkrey 
Aghsey  newaghsey  tekkeny 

yavv&.rey 
Aghsey   newaghsey  aghsey 

Thirty  four 

yawarey 
Aghsey  newaghsey  kayeery 

Thirty  five 
Thirty  six 

yawarey 

Aghsey  newaghsey  wisk  ya- 
warey 

Aghsey  newaghsey  yayak 

Thirty  seven 

yawarey 
Aghsey  newaghsey  tsyh.dak 

Thirty  eight 

yawarey 
Aghsey  newaghsey  sadcigo 

Thirty  nine 

yawarey 
Aghsey   newaghsey   tyough 

tow  yawarey 

Forty 
Forty  one 

Kayeery  newaghsey 
Kayeery  newaghsey  uskat 
yawkrcy 

[79'] 


J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  227 


[187]    Algonkin  Chippeway 

Ninchtank  ashy  ningootwas-  Neesh  tanner  asshea  negut- 

soo  wosswoy 

Ninchtkni  ashy  ninchowas-  Neesh  tanner  asshea  neesh- 

soo  swosswoy 

Ninchtank.  ashy  nissowassoo  Neesh  tanner  asshea  swos- 
swoy 
Ninchtank  ashy  shongassoo  Neesh  tanner  asshea  shan- 

gosiiwoy 


' 


I  ■ 


it    ' 


Nisso  metkna  Neess  semmettenner 

Nissoo  metknk  ashy  payjik    Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

payshik 
Nissoo  metank  ashy  ninch      Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

neesh 
Nissoo  metana  ashy  nissoo     Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

neesswoy 
Nissoo  metank  ashy  neoo       Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

neon 
Nissoo  metkna  ashy  naran     Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

naman 
Nissoo  metana  ashy  ningoot-  Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

wassoo  negutwosswoy 

Nissoo  metknk  ashy  nincho-  Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

wassoo  neeshswosswoy 

Nissoo  metknk  ashy  nisso-     Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

swosswoy 
Neess  semmettenner  asshea 

shangosswoy 


wassoo 
Nissoo  metknk  ashy  shon- 
gassoo 


Neoo  met&,na 

Neoo  metknk  ashy  payjik 


Neon  mettenner 
Neon  mettenner  asshea  pay- 
shik 


'1! 

ii 

I 

/      n 


: !' 


\^ 


»    I 


*'' 


^  i 


I 


I 


228 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


(      I 


English 

Iroquois 

Forty  two 

Kayeery  newaghsey  tekkeny 

yawkrey 

Forty  three 

Kayeery  newaghsey  aghsey 

yawkrey 

Forty  four 

Kayeery  newaghsey  kayeery 

yawkrey 

Forty  five 

Kayeery  newaghsey  wisk 

yawarey 

Forty  six 

Kayeery  newaghsey  ykyak 

yaw£irey 

[i88] 

Forty  seven 

Kayeery  newaghsey  tsykdak 

yawarey 

Forty  eight 

Kayeery  newaghsey  sad6go 

yawarey 

Forty  nine 

Kayeery  newaghsey  tyough- 

tow  yawarey 

Fifty 

Wisk  newaghsey 

Fifty  one 

Wisk  newaghsey  uskat  ya- 

warey 

Fifty  two 

Wisk  newaghsey  tekkeny 

yawarey 

Fifty  three 

Wisk  newaghsey  aghsey  ya- 

warey 

Fifty  four 

Wisk  newaghsey  kayeery 

yawarey 

Fifty  five 

Wisk  newaghsey  wisk  yawa- 

rey 

Fifty  six 

Wisk  newaghsey  ykyak  ya 

wkrey 

i79i]  J-  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  229 


Algonkin 


Chippeway 


Neoo  met^ni  ashy  ninch        Neon  mettenner  asshea  neesh 

Neoo  metknk  ashy  nissoo      Neon  mettenner  asshea  nees- 

swoy 
Neoo  met^nk  ashy  neoo         Neon  mettenner  asshea  neon 

Neoo  met^na  ashy  naran       Neon  mettenner  asshea  nar- 

nan 
Neoo  met^n^  ashy  ningoot-  Neon  mettenner  asshea  ne- 

wassoo  gutwosswoy 

[189] 
Neoo  metkna  ashy  nincho-    Neon      mettenner      asshea 

wassoo  neeshswosswoy 

Neoo  met^na  ashy  nisso-       Neon  mettenner  asshea  swos- 

wassoo  swoy 

Neoo  metkni  ashy  shongas-  Neon  mettenner  asshea  shan- 

soo  gosswoy 

Naran  metkna  Nar  mettenner 

Naran  metknk  ashy  payjik    Nar  mettenner  asshea  pay- 

shik 
Naran  metknk  ashy  ninch      Nar  mettenner  asdhea  neesh 

Naran  metknk  ashy  nis-     Nar  mettenner  asshea  nees- 

soo  swoy 

Naran  metkn^  ashy  neoo       Nar  mettenner  asshea  neon 

Naran  met^nk  ashy  naran     Nar  mettenner  asshea  nar- 

nan 
Naran  metknk  ashy  ningoot-  Nar  mettenner  asshea  negut- 
wassoo  wosswoy 


i 


U 


» 


'•/i 


!'    '  'I 

I' 


t 

.h 


h 


I 


ii 


m 


230 


Early  IVestem  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


r  \ 


English 

Iroquois 

Fifty  seven 

Wisk  newaghsey  tsy^dak 

yaw^rcy 

Fifty  eight 

Wisk  newaghsey  sadego  ya- 

wkrcy 

Fifty  nine 

Wisk  newaghsey  tyoughtow 

yawkrey 

Sixty 

Ykyak  newaghsey 

Sixty  one 

YJiyak  newaghsey  uskat  ya- 

wkrey 

Sixty  two 

Ykyak    newaghsey    tekkeny 

yawkrey 

Sixty  three 

Yiyak  newaghsey  aghsey 

yawJircy 

Sixty  four 

Ykyak    newaghsey    kayeery 

yawkrey 

Sixty  five 

Ykyak  newaghsey  wisk  ya- 

wkrey 

[190] 

Sixty  six 

Ykyak     newaghsey     ykyak 

yawkrey 

Sixty  seven 

Ykyak    newaghsey    tsy,\dak 

yawkrey 

Sixty  eight 

Ykyak    newaghsey    saddgo 

yawarey 

Sixty  nine 

Ykyak  newaghsey  tyoughtow 

yawarey 

Seventy 

Tsykdak  newaghsey 

Seventy  one 

Tsykdak    newaghsey    uskat 

yawkrey 

p 


I79t] 


y.  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels  1 3 1 


A  Igon  kin  Chippeuay 

Naran  mct^nJi  a§hy  nincho-  Nar  mcttenncr  asshea  neesh- 

wassoo  swosswoy 

Naran  metJinJi  ashj  nisso-  Nar  mcttenncr  asshea  swos- 

wassoo  swoy 

Naran  met^nk  ashy  shon-  Nar  mcttenncr  asshea  shan- 

gassoo  gosswoy 


Ningootwassoo  mctJlnk 
Ningootwassoo  mctknk 

payjik 
Ningootwassoo  met^ni 

ninch 
Ningootwassoo  metknjl 

nissoo 
Ningootwassoo  meting 

ncoo 
Ningootwassoo  mctJlnk 

naran 

[191] 
Ningootwassoo  metknk 

ningootwassoo 
Ningootwassoo  metknk 

ninchowassoo 
Ningootwassoo  metkn^, 

nissowassoo 
Ningootwassoo  metan^ 

shongassoo 


Negutwoss  semrr'^ticnn'^r 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmettenner  as- 
shea payshik 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmettenner  as- 
shea neesh 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmettenner  as- 
shea neesswoy 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmettenner  as- 
shea neon 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmettenner  as- 
shea naman 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmettenner  as- 
shea negutwosswoy 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmettenner  as- 
shea neeshswosswoy 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmett'  nner  as- 
shea swosswoy 

ashy  Negutwoss  semmettenner  as- 
shea shangosswoy 


Ninchowassoo  metknk  Neeshswoss  semmettenner 

Ninchowassoo  metan^  ashy  Neeshswoss      semmettenner 
payjik  asshea  payshik 


I.. 


'hi 


■\    ' 


'   I 


li'i 

!  :4 

f 


?32 


pMrly  IVestem  Travels 


(Vol.  a 


English 

Iroquois 

Seventy  two 

Tsysldak  newaghscy  tekkeny 

yaw^rey 

Seventy  three 

Tsyidak  ncwaghsey  aghsey 

yaw^rcy 

Seventy  four 

Tsykdak  ncwaghsey  kayeery 

yawkrey 

Seventy  five 

Tsykdak    newa^hjscy   wisk 

yawkrey 

Seventy  six 

Tsyidak   newaghsey   ykyak 

yawJirey 

Seventy  seven 

Tsykdak  newaghscy  tsykdak 

yawkrey 

Seventy  eight 

Tsykdak  newaghsey  sad^go 

yawkrey 

Seventy  nine 

Tsykdak  newaghsey  tyough- 

tow  yawkrey 

[192] 

Eighty 

Sad^go  newaghsey 

Eighty  one 

Sad^go     newaghsey     uskat 

yawkrey 

Eighty  two 

Sad6go  newaghsey   tekkeny 

yawkrey 

Eighty  three 

Sad^go    newaghsey    aghsey 

yawkrey 

Eighty  four 

Sad^go  newaghsey   i-ayeery 

yaw^rey 

Eighty  five 

Sad^po     newaghsey      wisk 

yawSirey 

Eighty  six 

Sad^go    newaghsey     ykyak 

yaw&.rey 

m 


I79>] 


J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  233 


Algonkin 
Ninchowassoo  metkn^  ashy 

ninch 
Ninchowass<x>  mcUlink  ashy 

nissoo 
Ninchowassoo  metknk  ashy 

ncoo 
Ninchowcssoo  mctanh  ashy 

naran 
Ninchowassoo  met^nJi  ashy 

ningootwassoo 
Ninchowassoo  metink  ashy 

ninchowassoo 
Ninchowassoo  mcUlnk  ashy 

nissowassoo 
Ninchowassoo  metink  ashy 

shongassoo 


Chippeway 
Nceshswoss      semmettcnner 

asshea  mesh 
Nceshswoss      semmettcnner 

asshea  nces?     >y 
Nceshswoss      semmettcnner 

usshea  neon 
Nceshswoss      semmettcnner 

asshea  naman 
Nceshswoss      semmettcnner 

asshea  negutwosswoy 
Nceshswoss      semmettcnner 

asshea  neeshswosswoy 
Nceshswoss      semmettcnner 

asshea  swosswoy 
Nceshswoss      semmettcnner 

asshea  shangosswoy 


[193] 
Nissowassoo  metJink 

Nissowassoo  metknk  ashy 

payjik 
Nissowassoo  metkni  ashy 

ninch 
Nissowassoo  metink  '• 

nissoo 
Nissowassoo  metknk  ashy 

neoo 
Nissowassoo  metknk  ashy 

naran 
Nissowassoo  metknk  ashy 

ningootwassoo 


Swoss  semmettcnner 

Swoss  semmettcnner  asshea 

payshik 
Swoss  semmettcnner  asshea 

neesh 
Swoss  semmettcnner  asshea 

neesswoy 
Swoss  semmettcnner  as[s]hca 

neon 
Swoss  semmettcnner  asshea 

naman 
Swoss  semmettcnner  asshea 

negatwosswoy 


i  i '  •■'ii 


234 


Early  IVestern  Travels 


[\ol.  2 


English 

Iroquois 

Eighty  seven 

Sndtgj   ncwaghsey   tsyidak 

yawircy 

Eighty  eight 

Sad^-go    ncwaghsey    sad^go 

yawilrcy 

Eighty  nine 

Sad^go   ncwaghsey   tyough- 

tow  yawJircy 

Ninety 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey 

Ninety  one 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey  uskat 

yaw^rcy 

Ninety  two 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey  tek- 

kcny  yawsirey 

Ninety  three 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey  agh- 

scy  yawkrey 

Ninety  four 

Tyoughtow   ncwaghsey   ka- 

yeery  yawirey 

Ninety  five 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey  wisk 

yawkrey 

Ninety  six 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey  ykyak 

yaw^rcy 

[194] 

Ninety  seven 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey  tsyk- 

dak  yawkrey 

Ninety  eight 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey  sad6- 

go  yawarey 

Ninety  nine 

Tyoughtow  ncwaghsey 

tyoughtow  yawirey 

One  hundred 

Uskat  towaneyow 

Two  hundred 

1  "ckkeny  towaneyow 

Three  hundred 

Aghsey  towaneyow 

Four  hundred 

Kayeery  towaneyow 

i79«]  J-  Leung's  f^oyaga  and  Travels  235 


Algonkin 

Chippfuay 

Nissowassoo  mctinJl  ashy 

Swoss  sfmmt'ttcnncr  asshea 

ninchowassoo 

ncTshswosswoy 

Nissowassoo  mt-tiinJi  ashy 

Swoss  svmmcttenncr  asshea 

nissowassoo 

swosswoy 

Nissowassoo  meting  ashy 

Swoss  semmettcnncr  asshea 

shongassoo 

shangosswoy 

Shongassoo  mct4n4 

Shangoss  semmettenner 

Shongassoo  metini  ashy 

Shangoss  semniettenncr  as- 

payjik 

shea  payshik 

Shongassoo  meUink  ashy 

Shangoss  semmettcnncr  as- 

ninch 

shea  ncesh 

Shongassoo  metini  ashy 

Shangoss  semmettcnncr  as- 

nissoo 

shea  neesswoy 

Shongassoo  mcUlni  ashy 

Shangoss  semmettcnncr  as- 

neoo 

shea  neon 

Shongassoo  met^nJi  ashy 

Shangoss  semmettenner  as- 

naran 

shea  naman 

Shongassoo  metknJl  ashy 

Shangoss  semmettenner  as- 

ningootwassoo 

shea  negutwosswoy 

[195] 

Shongassoo  metini  ashy 

Shangoss  semmettcnncr  as- 

ninchowassoo 

shea  neeshswosswoy 

Shongassoo  m  ^ni  ashy 

Shangoss  semmettenner  as- 

nissowassoo 

shea  swosswoy 

Shongassoo  metknk  ashy 

Shangoss  semmettenner  as- 

shongassoo 

shea  shangosswoy 

Metassoo  metina  Negut  wauk 

Metassoo  ninchtknk  metknk  Neesh  wauk 
Metassoo  nissoo  met^nJi        Neesswoy  wauk 
Metassoo  neoo  met^nk  Neon  wauk 


If 


>     'I 


•*< 


I  i 


\i 


lit     ; 

Vi'  •' 


'V 

1 


1,'t   'I 


\\\S' 


^  I)  I 


236 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.3 


English 
Five  hundred 
Six  hundred 

Seven  hundred 

Eight  hundred 

Nine  hundred 

One  thousand 


Iroquois 
Wisk  towaneyow 
Ykyak  towaneyow 

Tsy&dak  towanqrow 

Sad^o  towaneyow 

Tyoughtow  towaneyow 

Oy6ry  towaneyow 


1^!r 


«79»1  J'  Long's  Feyages  and  Travels  237 


Algonkin 
Metassoo  naran  metiLnil 
Metassoo  ningootwassoo 

met&nlL 
Metassoo  ninchowasso 

Metassoo  nissowassoo 

met&n^ 
Metassoo  shongassoo 

met&nit 


Chippeway 
Nar  wauk 

Negutwoss  wauk 

Neeshswoss  wauk 

Swoss  wauk 

Shangoss  wauk 


Metassoo  metassoo  metjin^   Metosswoy  kitchee  wauk 


'  \\ 


4\l 


a  I 


. «   I 


■■ » 


A   TABLE   OF   WORDS 

[196]  Shewing,  in  a  variety  0}  Instances,  the  Difference  as 
well  as  Analogy  between  the  Algonkin  and  Chippeway 
Languages,  with  the  English  Explanation. 

English                  Algonkin  Chippeway 
To  abandon,  or 

forsake                Packiton  Packitan 
To  arrive  at  a 

place                   Takouchin  Takooshin 

To  assist                 Mawinewah  Mawinewah 

To  alter,  or  change  Miscoush  Mishcoot 

To  amuse,  or  play  Packeguay  Athtergam 


To  beat,  or  bruise  Packit6  Packettywaun 

To  believe  Tilerimah,  or  tike-  Indenendum   gwo- 

— — ^  yack 

Cannar,  or  cunner 


J    — 

To  believe 
To  be  willing 


rimah 
Wisch 


To  call 
To  carry 


Tychintkaw 
Petou,  or  peta 


To  dance  Nemeh 

To  do,  or  make  Toshiton 

[197] 

To  dwell,  or  stay  Tapia 

To  drink  Minikwah 


To  eat 


Wissin 


Nandootum 
Keemarjemet 

Nemeh 

Ojeytoon,  or  Tojey- 
toon 

Appay 
Minniquah 

Wissinnin 


(    i 


i79i]  J-  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


239 


English 

Algonkin 

Chippeu'ay 

To  freeze 

Kissim 

Mushcowwartin 

To  fall 

Ponkisin 

Ponkissin 

To  find 

Nantounewaw 

Warbermeco 

To  go  by  water 

Pimmiscaw 

Pamiskian,  or  pe- 
miskar 

To  go  by  land 

Teja 

Papamotay 

To  give 

Millaw 

Darmissey 

To  govern 

Tibarimaw 

Tibarimaw 

To  have 

Tindala 

Arwayyor 

To  hunt 

Keousscy 

Geosay 

To  hate 

Shinguerimaw 

Nesharquish 

To  keep 

Ganawerimaw 

Gannewainnemar 

To  km 

Nesa 

Gunnesar 

To  know 

Kekerindan 

Keecannawendan 

To  love,  or  love 

Sakiar 

Zargay,  or  zargey- 
toon 

To  lose 

Packilague 

Winnetoon 

To  laugh 

Kapy 

Pawpy 

To  lie  down 

Weepemaw 

Neperhan 

To  meet 

Nantoonewar 

Neewatch 

[198] 

To  marry 

Weewin 

Tuckunnumkewish 

To  make  water 

Minsy 

Meesesay 

To  make  fire,  & 

Pootawee 

Pooterway    che- 

cook 

bockwoy 

To  pay 

Tipaham 

Guddyparhan 

I 

I 


r 
I** 


■'•/ 


if 

If 


6  -I 


'I 


ni 


« 


240 


Early  JVestem  Travels 


[Vol.2 


1,1  J  i 


English 

Algonkin 

Chippeway 

To  please 

Mirowerrindan 

Mirrowerrindan 

To  perspire 

Matootoo 

Matootoo 

To  run 

Pitcheba 

Squamich 

To  row 

Pimisca 

Pemishkar 

To  sit  down 

Mantippy 

Mantetappy 

To  seek 

Nantawerima 

Warcharch 

To  sing 

Sheshin 

Najemoon 

To  steal 

Kemootin 

Keemotyan 

To  sleep 

Nepa 

Nepan 

To  smoke  a  pipe 

Saggasoy 

Suggersoy 

To  speak 

Galoola 

Debarchim,  or  de- 
barchemon 

To  see 

Wabemo 

Wabemat,  or  wabe- 
mor 

To  take 

Takoonan 

Tarpenan 

To  think 

Tilelindan 

Indenendum,  or  in- 
denind 

To  tell 

Teta 

Gudjey 

To  throw  away, 

or 

repudiate 

Webenan 

Waybenan 

[199] 

To  understand 

Nistotawa 

Neesstootewar 

To  vex 

Iskatissey 

Annascartissey,  or 
nishcartissey 

To  walk,  or  go 

Pemousse 

Pamosay 

To  win 

Packitan 

Warmatt 

l-i  i 


!.■       '      t 


,) 


i79i]  J-  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  241 


English 

Algonkin 

Chippeway 

Axe 

Ajackwet 

Ajackquoit 

Above,  or  high 

Spimink 

Ishpemeg 

After,    or    after- 

wards 

Mipidach 

Ningoot 

And 

Gaye,  or  mipigaye 

'  Ashea 

Another 

Coutak 

Ningootch 

Again,  or  yet 

Menawatch 

Meenewatch 

All 

Kakina 

Cockinnor 

Always,  wherever  Kakeli 

Cargoneek,  or  me- 

marmo 

Breech  clout 

Kepokitty  kousah 

Oncean 

Beard 

Mischiton 

Opeewyesky 

Barrel 

Ayoentagvin 

Owentagun 

Ball,  or  large  shot 

Alwin 

Kitchee  anwin 

Bottle 

Sheshegouay 

Motay 

Beaver 

Amik 

Amik 

Beaver  skin 

Appiminiquy 

Appiminiquy 

Body 

Yao 

Yoe 

[200] 

Blankets 

Wabiwyan 

Waperwoyan 

Breech 

Miskousah 

Peckqueen  dorsow 

Bear 

Mackquah 

Mackquah 

Bear  cub 

Makons 

Mackconce,  or 
Mackquacon 

Bread,  or  flour 

Paboushikan 

Pockquoisigan 

Broth,  or  soup 

Wabou 

Shoanarboop 

Bag 

Maskimout 

Muchcomat 

Blood 

Miskoo 

Misquy 

Bark  bowl,  or  cup 

Oulagan 

Onagun 

Belly 

Mishemout 

Ishquamach 

Brother 

Necanish 

Shemayn 

I 

'.  '/I 


I'; 


'/! 


:J 


'I' 


i\ 


.tii 


') 


'  n 


i'l 


^ 


242 


Ear/y  fVestern  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


English 

Algonkin 

Chippeway 

Bowels 

Olakick 

Onuggesh 

Birds,  or  towl 

Pil6 

Pinneyshis 

Because 

Mewinch 

Mewinch 

Black 

Negao 

Mackcutty 

Big 

Mentitoo 

Menditoo 

Coats 

Capotewian 

Piskawagan 

Canoe 

Cheeman 

Cheeman 

Companion,     or 

Neechee 

Neejee,  or  Neecar- 

friend 

nis 

Captain,  or  chief 

Okemaw 

Okemaw,  or  Oje- 
maw 

Captain,  or  head 

Kitchee  okemaw 

Kitchee  Okemaw 

warrior 

semauganish 

Child,  or  ch'ldren 

Bobeloshin 

Queebesince 

Courage 

Taquamissi 

Taguamissy,    or 

[201] 

Haguamissy 

Covetous 

Sasakissy 

Sazargesay 

Cold 

Kekatch 

Geessennar 

Duck,  wild 

Sheeship 

Sheeshib 

Dust 

Pingway 

Pingo 

Deer 

Awaskesh 

Awaskesh 

Dog 

Alim 

Anim 

Dog,  puppy 

Alimons 

Animonce 

Day,  or  days 

Okonogat 

Ogunnegat 

Dart 

Sheshikwee 

Aysquish 

Dish 

Mackoan 

Mackoan 

Dead 

Neepoo 

Neepoo 

Devil,    or    Bad 

Matchee    Manni- 

Matchee      Manni- 

Spirit 

too 

too 

Dance  of  Savages 

Sheshequoy 

Shessaquoy 

n 


1791]  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  24; 


English 
Drunk 


Algonkin 
Ousquibby 


Done,  it  is  done, 
or  past  Sheyar 


Elk 
Eye 
English 

Equal 

Each 

Enough 

Fire  steel 

Fire 

[202] 
Fort 
French 
Fish 

Fish,  white 
Fox 

Flesh  of  animals 
Fork    or    prong 

stick 
Father 

Fat,  or  he  is  fat 
Female,  or  woman 
Full 

Free,  generous 
Formerly 
Far  off 


Mens 

Ouskinshik 
Outsakamink  da- 

chereni 
Tabiscooch 
Paypayjik 
Mimilic 

Scoutykan 

Scoute 

Wackaygan 

Mittigoush 

Kickons 

Attikamek 

Outagamy 

Weass 

Nassawokwot 

Nooskay 

Pimete 

Ickwer 

Mooshquenay 

Walatissy 

Peraweego 

Watso 


Chippeway 
Squibby,     or    Os- 
quibby 

Shyyar 

Moouse 

Wiskinky 

Saggonash 

Tabiscoach 

Papayjit 

Mee,  or  mimilic 

Squittycan,  or  Sco- 

taycan 
Scotay  or  squitty 

Wakaygan 

Waymistergoash 

Kegonce 

Artikkameg 

Assinbo 

Weass 

Cawmeek  meteek 
Nocey 
Pimmethy 
Equoy 

Mooshquenay 
Ajackquoy 
Maywisher 
Awassa,  or  Awassa 
woyta 


Vfi 


I 


1! 


•  li 


\i 


• 


244 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  J 


\\ ' 


English 

Algonkin 

Chippeway 

Girl 

Ickwessens 

Equoysincc 

Gun 

Paskeysegan 

Baskeyzegan 

Grass 

Myask 

Nepish,  or  mejask 

Grapes 

Shoamin 

Minneshish 

God,    or    Great 

Spirit 

Kitchee  Mannitoo  Kitchee    Mannitoo 

Gunpowder 

Pingo  Mackate 

Mackcutty,  or  Pin- 
go  Mackcutty 

Good 

Quelatch 

Nishshishshin 

House,  or  hut 

Wikiwam 

Wigwaum 

Hair,  human 

Lissy 

Lissy 

[203] 

Hair,  of  beasts 

Pewall 

Opeeway 

Heaven,   or   the 

Spiminkaquin 

Pockcan    worrock- 

other    world 

ey,orpockantun- 
nockey 

Hare 

Wapoos 

Wapoos 

Husband,  or  mas- 

ter of  weakness 

Napema 

Nabaim 

Head 

Ousteooan 

Eshtergoan 

Heart 

Mishewah 

Oathty 

Half 

Nabal 

Arbittar 

Handsome 

Sasayga 

Sasayga 

Home,  or  dwell- 

ing 

Entayank 

Ashemich 

Hot 

Akeeshattay 

Geeshartay 

Hungry 

Packatay 

Bocketty 

Here 

Akonda,  or  ako- 
manda 

Ashemich 

How 

Tany 

Tawny 

^\ 


1     !■ 


1791]  J-  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  245 

English  Algonkin  Chippeway 

How    much,    or    Tantasot;  or  tar-    Tawnymiljk? 
how  many  ?  nimilik  ? 


Indian  com 

Metamin 

Medarmin 

Iron 

P  vaby 

Pewabick 

Island 

Minis 

Minnesey 

Indians 

Ishinawbah 

Nishinnorbay 

Immediately 

Webatch 

Webatch 

Idle,  or  lazy 

Kittimy 

Kittim 

Knife 

Mockoman 

Mokoman 

Knife,  crooked 

Coutagan 

Wakeckuman 

[204] 

Kettle,  or  pot 

Akikkons 

Akeek 

Land 

Oustikan 

Onjee 

Looking  glasses 

Wabemo 

Warbemoon 

Lake 

Kitchee  Gammink  Sakiegan 

Letter 

Marseynaygan 

Marpcynaygan 

Leggons,  or  stock- 

ings 

Metass 

Mittasse 

Light  (clear) 

Vendao 

Meesharquoit 

Long  since 

Shashayay 

Sharshyyar 

Little,  small,  few 

Wabeloosheins 

Pongay,   or  hagu 
shenonce 

Man 

Alisinape 

Ninnee 

Moon,  or  night 

light 

Debikat  Ikisy 

Geezus 

Mistress,  or  wife 

Neremoossin 

Mentimoye 

Merchandise 

Alokatchigan 

Huncushigon,  or 
Annacotchigon 

'/' 


m 


!(•! 


\i. 


f' 


u 


'U 


246 


Early  IVestem  Travels 


[\0\.    2 


English 

Algonkin 

Chtppeway 

Medicine 

Maskikik 

Maskikkec 

Male 

Nape 

Ayarbey 

Male  deer,  or  stag  Mechcway 

Ayarbcy  awaskesh 

Much 

Nebela 

Nepcwar,  or 
gvvotch 

Needle    to    sew 

with 

Shabounekan 

Shaboonegun 

Nose 

Yatch 

Yotch 

News 

Taypatchimoo, 
kan 

Mergumntegat 

Night 

Debbikat 

Debbikat 

Near,  or  nigh 

Pechoowetch 

Payshew 

[205] 

Now 

Nongom 

Nogome 

Never 

Kawicka 

Cawwickca,  or  cas- 
sawickca 

No 

Ka 

Cawween,  or  ka 

Nothing 

Kakaygoo 

Kakaygo 

Not  yet 

Kamasshy 

Kamarchy 

Otter 

Nekeek 

Nekeek 

Old,  he  was  old 

Kewesheins 

Keewaency 

Portage,  or  carry- 

ing place 

Cappatagan 

Onuggemeg 

People,  or  nation 

Irenee 

Nondajewot 

Paddle,  or  small 

oar 

Apway 

Abboy 

Pike  (a  fish) 

Kenonjay 

Kenonjay 

Peninsula 

Minnissin 

Minnissin 

Peace 

Pekah 

leecho 

♦     i 


1791  ]  y.  Long's  Voyages  ami  Travels  247 


Knglhh 

Algnukin 

Chippnt'ay 

PartridRe 

Pilesiwec 

Peenay 

Pipe 

Poygan 

Opoygan 

Quick 

VVelibik 

Annatcw)k 

Ring,  for  the  fin- 

ger 

Debclincheebesor 

I  Zenzcebisson 

i'icc,  wild 

Malomin 

Menomon 

Road 

Meekan 

Meekan 

Rum,  or  brandy 

Scoutiwaboy 

SquittyvvalK),    or 

[206] 

scotaywabo 

Rain 

Kemewan 

Kimmcovan 

River 

Roots  of  trees 

Sepim 
Oustikwees 

Seepec 
VVatappy 

Robe  of  peltry 

Ockola 

Woygan,  or  oako- 
nus 

Red 

Misquy 

Misquoy,    or    mis- 
quitty 

Shirt 
Spoon 

Papakewean 
Mickvjran 

Parbockerwoyan 
Tamickquoin 

Sw.        or  great 

'.     le 
St  »e,    to    have 

Semagan 

Kitchee  mokoman 

sense 
Star 

Nebwacka 
Alan 

Annaboycassey 
Annunk 

Sturgeon 
Sea,  or  unbound- 
ed lake 

Laniek 

Agankitchce  gam- 
mink 

Onnemay 
Kitchee  ganimink 

Stone 

Assin 

Assin 

Spirit 

Mannitoo 

Mannitoo 

■  n 


,W 


\Vk 


i-". 


/' 


I 


I 


:\\ 


i  : 


248 


Early  Western  Traveh 


[Vol.  I 


I 


•    \ 


t       )■ 


I 


English 
Sun,  or  great  light 
Shoes  (Indian) 
Ship,  or  great  ca- 
noe 
Soldier,  or  war- 
rior 
Smoke,  or  fire  fog 
Summer,  or  spring 
Sick 


Algonkin 

Keesis 
Mackisin 
Kitchee  cheeman 


Chi^peway 

Ge.  es-ey 

Mai.kis  1.1 
Kitchf  1  \aber- 


IIOI!. 


Il 


Sad 

Strong 
[207] 
Teeth 
To-morrow 
Tomahawk 
Tongue,  human 
Tobacco 
Tobacco  pouch 
Trees 
There 
Too  much 
Too  little 
Thank  you 
Truly 
That 
Together 

Vermillion 
Village 

Water 


Scmaganis 

Pentakoe 

Merockamink 

Outineous 

Talissimy 

Mashkawa 

Tebit 

Wabank 

Agackwetons 

Ooton 

vSayma 

Kaspetagun 

Meteek 

Mandadiby 

Ozam 

Ozame  mangis 

Meegwatch 

Keket 

Manda 

Mamawee 

Oulamar 
Oudenank 

Nepee 


Kvtp.  sr'  it  ay 
Aq'Sdisev 

Ml  slicow  .. 

Wecbit 

Warbunk 

Warcockquoite 

Ooton 

Assaymer 

Kispetawgun 

Meteek 

VVoity,  or  awoity 

Ozome 

Ozome  pangay 

Meegwotch 

Kaygait 

Maunder 

Marmo 

Ozonnemon 
Narpoon 


Nippee 


kJ  ^:f 


M 


'79»1 


y.  Long's  Voyages  ami  Travfis 


249 


English 

Algonkin 

Chippeway 

Winter 

Pei)oon 

Bebone 

Wolf 

Mahingan 

Mahingan 

Wine,    or    blocni 

Shoemin  aboo 

Mishquoy       shoa 

red  broth 

narboop 

Wind 

Loutin 

Nottting 

Woods 

Nopcmenk 

Menopemcg 

War 

Nontobily 

Mecartay 

Weary,  or  tired 

Takoosy 

Nowwendayshon 

[2081 

Why 

Tanicntien 

Cannatof) 

Where 

Ta 

Aunday 

Where  is  he  ?  or 

where  does  he 

dwell  ? 

Tani-py  appy 

Tannepy  Appay 

What  is  that  ? 

what?  or  what 

now? 

Waneweenay  ? 

Whygonin  ? 

Who  is  that  ? 

Waneweenay  ma 
bo? 

Hawaneeyau  ? 

Whence 

Tannepy 

Tannepy 

White 

Waby 

W^arbishcar 

Yellow 

Wazzo 

J6nia 

Yes 

Mi,  or  Minkooty 

Angaymer,  or  Nan- 
gaymer 

Yesterday 

Pitchylago 

Pitchynargo 

f'. 


^^l 


'/. 


n 


n. 


"  ij 


Ix  J 


'I     » 


,s        I 


il  il^n 


'\i 


250 


Ear/y  fVestern  Travels 


[Vol. 


[209]  English 

Mohegan 

Shawanee 

A  bear 

Mquoh 

Mauquah 

A  beaver 

Amisque 

Amaquah 

Eye 

Hkeesque 

Skesacoo 

Ear 

Towohque 

Towacah 

Fetch 

Pautoh 

Peatoloo 

My  grandfather 

Nemoghhome 

Nemasompethau 

My  grandmother 

Nohhum 

Nocumthau 

My  grandchild 

Naughees 

Noosthethau 

He  goes 

Pumissoo 

Pomthalo 

A  girl 

Peesquausoo 

Sqauthauthau 

House 

Weekumuhm 

Weecuah 

He  (that  man) 

Uwoh 

Welah 

His  head 

vVeinsis 

Weenseh 

His  heart 

Utoh 

Otaheh 

Hair 

Weghaukun 

Welathoh 

Her  husband 

Waughecheh 

Wasecheh 

His  teeth 

Wepeeton 

Wepeetalee 

I  thank  you 

Wneeweh 

Neauweh 

My  uncle 

Nsees 

Neeseethau 

I 

Neah 

Nelah 

Thou 

Keah 

Kelah 

We 

Neaunuh 

Nelauweh 

Ye 

Keauwuh 

Kelauweh 

Water 

Nbey 

Nippee 

Elder  sister 

Nmees 

Nemeethau 

River 

Sepoo 

Thepee 

i 


V  I 


It 


1» 


I'  ' 


I  \ 


\l 


t 


'L 


252 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


;'   I  . 


[210]    English 

Mohegan 

Bear 

Mquoh 

Beaver 

Amisque 

Dead,  he  is  dead 

Nboo,  or  Neepoo 

Devil,  or  Bad  Spirit 

Mtandou 

Dress  the  kettle,  (make  a 

fire) 

Pootouwah 

Eyes 

Ukeesquan 

Fire 

Stauw 

Give  it  him 

Meenuh 

How 

Tuneh 

House 

Weekumuhm 

Go,  or  walk 

Pumisseh 

Marry 

Weeween 

River 

Sepoo 

Shoes 

Mkissin 

The  sun 

Keesogh 

Sit  down 

Mattipeh 

Water 

Nbey 

Where 

Tehah 

Wmter 

Hpoon 

Wood 

Metooque 

N.  B.    The  e  final  is  not  sounded  except  in  monosylla- 
bles. 


1790 


J.  Long's  Voyages  ana  Travels 


253 


[211]   Algonkin 

Chippeway 

Mackquah 

Mackquah 

Amik 

Amik 

Nepoo 

Neepoo 

Matchee  Mannitoo 

Matchee  Mannitoo 

Poutwah 

Pooterway  Chebockwoy 

Ouskinshik 

Wiskinky 

Scoute 

Scotay  or  Squitty 

Millaw 

Darmissey 

Tany 

Tawny 

Wikiwam 

Wigwaum 

Pemousse 

Pamos4y 

Wewin 

Tuckunnumkewish 

Sepim 

Seepee 

Mackisin 

Maukissin 

Keesis 

Geessessey 

Mantippy 

Mantetappy 

Nepee 

Nippee 

Ta 

Aunday 

Pepoon 

Bebone 

Meteek 

Meteek 

w 


•'i 


/ 


il 


^■1 

r 


it 


H 


m  I 


t    I 


.? 


\i 


m 
W 


254 


£tfr/)'  tVestem  Travels 


[212]    English 
Above 
Absent 
Abuse,  to 
Accept,  to 
Account,  to 
Accuse,  to 
Add  to 
Admire,  to 
Advice 
Adultery 
Afraid 
Afternoon 
Again 
Agree,  to 
Alike 
All 
Ally 
Alone 
Always 
Amuse,  to 
Another 
Answer,  to 
And 
A,  an,  or  the 

Bread 
Black 

[213] 
Dear 

English 

Father 


Iroquois 
Aynegun 
Y<1ckta  ohdrlogh 
Hcnryotaxa 
layner 
Sastdyricey 
Ctittergun 
Cay^ntuck 
Sannagatcdcktone 
Sattay^ntack 
Sdchequar 
Sdquoy 
Nowwdtone 
S^go 

Curywyydrley 
Saddyyouth 
Agudgo 
Lan6ha 
Ydckta  oya 
Chetko 
Susqueeselon 
Oya 
Sattr61y 
Noke 
Ne,  ne 

Kanddaro 
Agohoonsay 

Camolelow 

Cherrihunsdgat 

Luggoney 


rvoi.  2 


i79i]  J'  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels  255 


English 
Gunpowder 
Give  me 

Iroquois 
Ogdnra 
Cassar 

How  much,  or  how  many 

Toneego 

Jacob 

Yarwek 

King,  or  great  chief 

Sachem 

Money 
Montreal 

Wisstar 
Chocktyhargo 

Or 

Neteas 

Partridge 
Peter 
Plenty 
Perhaps 

Oquesses 
Gwider 
Cushcowait 
Togatt 

Rose  (a  flower) 
Rum 

[214] 
Shot 
Sugar 
Silver  works 

Easel 
Skarat 

Ondya 
Chekayter 
Wisstar  noolone 

Thank  you 
There  is 

Yaown 
Honerer 

Understand,  to 

Cockharonckar 

Wise 
Wind 

Satoakha 
Yowwettv 

( 


v> 


256 


Early  fVestem  Travels 


[Vol.2 


•    i 


.»  '■\ 


English 

Iroquois 

Win,  to 

Rowwenn^hoo 

WiUing 

Senooncy 

wad 

Ydckta  satolkha 

Wife 

Sannatella 

White 

Cardrger 

War 

Satterleyhone 

Who 

Unghka 

Was 

Ne 

Water 

Oghn^ga 

Wine,  or  blood  red  soup 

On^ahhdradischhotihtserd- 

keri 

Who  was 

Ungka  ne 

What  was 

Oghnihayadbtea 

Where 

Caha 

Virgin 

Handghgwdyenden 

[215] 

Young 

Agtintelo 

You 

Ecee 

Yesterday 

Tyoticktdrlow 

Yes 

Etho 

YeUow 

Ajeenegwar 

Year 

Atoori 

Your  health 

Honoroquennyee 

m 


1 791]  J'  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  257 

[216]  Names  of  Furs  and  Skins  in  English  and  French 


English 
Fat  winter  beaver 
Fat  summer  beaver 
Dry  winter  beaver 
Dry  summer  beaver 
Old  winter  beaver 
Old  summer  beaver 
Raw  stag  skins 
Prepared  stag  skins 
Rein  deer  skins 
Raw  hind  skins 
Prepared  hind  skins 
Mush  rats 

Prepared  roebuck  skins 
Unprepared  roebuck  skins 
Tanned  roebuck  skins 
Southern,  or  Virginia  foxes 
White,    from    Tadousac, 

foxes 
Wolves 
Beaver  eaters 
Martens 
Squirrels,  black 
Squirrels,  grey 

[217] 
Fishers 
Bears 

Bears,  Cub 
Otters 
Cats 
Lynx 


French 
Castor  gras  d'hiver 
Castor  gras  d'6t6 
Castor  sees  d'hiver 
Castor  sees  d'6t6 
Castor  vieux  d'hiver 
Castor  vieux  d'^t^ 
Cerfs  verts 
Cerfs  passes 
Caribous 
Biches  vertes 
Biches  pass^es 
Rats  musques 
Chevreuils  passes 
Chevreuils  verts 
Chevreuils  tan6s 
Renards  du  sud  ou  Virginie 

Renards  blancs  de  Tadousac 

Loups  de  bois 

Carcajous 

Martres 

Ecureuils,  noirs 

Ecureuils,  argent^s 

Peccans 

Ours 

Oursons 

Loutres 

Chats 

Loups  cerviers 


It  I 


i 


};', 


»    .< 


258 


Early  Western  Travels 


English 
Foxes,  red 
Foxes,  cross 
Foxes,  black 
Foxts,  grey 
Minks 

North  Case  Cat 
Soutn  Case  Cat 


[Vol.   2 


French 
Renards,  rouges 
Renards  crois^s 
Renards  noirs 
Renards  argent^s 
Visons,  ou  Fourtreaux 
Pichoux  du  nord 
Pichoux  du  sud 


\i 


\4 


m 


1 791]  y.  Long's  yoyages  and  Travels  259 


[a  18]  Parts 

oj  the  Human  Body 

English 

Chippeway 

Ankle 

VVarwich 

Arm 

Anik 

Arm,  broken 

K^sconeek 

Back 

Onlckquick 

Beard 

Opeewy^sky 

Belly 

Is'quamach 

Blood 

Misqiiy 

Body 

Yoe 

Bones 

Oakcan 

Bowels 

Onuggesh 

Brain 

Opin 

Breath 

Nowwfi  ing,    or   nowwetty- 

wich 

Breech 

Peckqueen  dorsow 

Breast 

Wheyde 

Cheeks 

Warbim 

Chin 

Utchwar 

Eye 

Wiskfnky 

Eye  that  squints 

Annooch 

Ear 

Ndndawar 

[219] 

Eyelid 

P^wyar 

Eyebrow 

Gw^tso 

Face 

Meechaw 

Fundament 

Meeds^ywort 

Fingers 

Argatso 

Foot,  or  feet 

0/-ett 

Gall 

March^w 

Hand 

Arradche 

Heart 

Oathty 

Hair 

Lissy 

••'(J 


<kJ 


\\] 


1' 


\i 


26o 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


'.« 


English 

Chipprway 

Head 

Eshtergdan 

Hips 

Tarbatch 

Head,  bald 

Wematishtergdan 

Knee 

Puttwar 

Lips 

Mecmodche 

Lungs 

Seegwa 

Leg 

Ocdrt 

Liver 

Quinch 

Mouth 

Meessey 

NaUs  of  fingers  and  toes 

Narb 

Neck 

Shemmor 

[«o] 

Nostrils 

Peckt6pe 

Nose 

Yotch 

Navel 

Pinneck 

Ribs 

Ashlngo 

Skull 

Eshterodthcan 

Sinews 

Atteese 

Skin 

Pokkikkin 

Teeth 

Weebitt 

Thighs 

Oquarme 

Thumbs 

Mitchea 

Throat 

Squissow 

Toes 

Tarwirchewort 

Tongue 

Ooton 

Veins 

Weebdrso,  or  neatissum 

Wrist 

Anndnk 

ill] 


^a 


179']  y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  26 1 

[221]  Names  0}  Animals,  &c. 
English  Chippeu'ay 

Animal  between  a  dog  and 

a  wolf  VVabdtch 

Ants,  and  all  small  insects    Mannetdncc 


Buck,  or  male  deer 
Beaver  robe 

Bear 

Bear,  cub 
Beaver 
Beaver  skin 
Beaver  eater 
Birds,  all  small 
Bu£falo 

Cat,  wild 
Cat,  tame 
Crow 
Carp 
Crane 

Duck,  wild 
Dog 

[222] 
Dog,  puppy 
Deer 

Elk 

Eggs 

Eagle 

Flesh  of  animals 

Fur  of  animals 


Ayarb^y  awashk^sh 

Amik  woygdn,  or  amik  oak- 

dnus 
Mackqudh 

Mackquac<5nce  or  mackdnce 
Amik 

Appiminiquy 
Quickwahay 
Pennyshance 
P^shshekey 

Peshsh^w 
Cushecance 
Cark  cark 
Narmdybin 
Kitchce  cdrbo 

SheshSb 
Anim 

Animdnce 
Awashk^sh 

Moouse 

Wark 

Meegeezes 

Weass 

Oyan 


^1 


'I 


I' 


Vt 


n. 


ri 


M^ 


262 


Earfy  tVestem  Travels 


[Vol. 


M 


V 


English 
PY'athcrs  of  birds 
Fox 
Frog 
Fish 
Fisher 

Fowl,  or  birds 
Fish,  white 

Goose,  wild 

Hog 

Hair  of  animals 

Hide  of  animals 

Hare 

Horse 

Loon 

Marten 
[223] 
Mink 
Musquash,  or  mush  rat 

Otter 


Chippeway 
Pequim 
Asslnbo 
Muckkikk^e 
Kegdnce 
Ochick 
P^nnyshis 
Artfkkameg 

Neecdrk 

Coocdoche 

Opeeway 

Weeyan 

Wap<5os 

Ogashy 

Maunk 

Warbeshdnce 

Shdngwoitch 
Hdwoyzask 

Nekeek 


Partridge  Peenay 

Pickeril  Ogdnce 

Peltry,  or  robe  made  of  fur  Woygan 

Pike  Keenonjey 

Plover  Gu6veshew 


Racoon 

Skunk,  or  pole  cat 


Asseeban 
Sheecark 


«79>] 


y.  Long' J  Voyages  and  Travels 


263 


English 

Chippeway 

Sturgeon 

Onnenuiy 

Snakes 

Keenaypfckneeshey 

Skin  of  aninuils 

Nink 

Squirrel 

Opickquoy 

Swan 

Kitchee  meework 

Tongue  of  animals 

Saww^tch 

Tail  of  animals 

Warmeech 

Turkey 

Weenecobbo 

Trout 

Narmdyguiss 

Wing  cf  birds 

Gwimbltch 

Wolf 

Mawhfngon 

I-'f 


« 


M 

It. 


264 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


•    i 


\\ 


M    l\ 


[224]  Merchandise 

English 

Chippeway 

Arm  hands 

Kitchee  wdybesun 

Axe 

Aj^ckquoit 

Ball,  or  large  shot 

Kitchee  dnwin 

Brass  wire 

Pewarbickcdnce 

Beads 

Mannetoo  mendnce 

Broaches 

Paun^a 

Breech  clout 

Oncean 

Blanket 

Waperw6yan 

Comb 

Pendrquan 

Coat 

Piskawdgan 

Canoe  awl 

Meecdose 

Fire  steel 

Squlttycan 

Finger  ring 

Zenzdebisson 

Gun  flint 

Powwabickc6on 

Gum 

Pickk^w 

Gun 

Bask^yzegan 

[225] 

Gartering 

Arcoqu6shergan 

Gunpowder,  or  black  dust 

Mackcutty,  or  mackcutty 

pingo 

Gun  worms 

Teaklagun 

Hair  plates 

Saggobdnwan 

Hawk  bells 

Pewarbeneech 

Horn 

Pendycutty 

Hats 

Oweoathcoan 

Kettle,  or  pot 

Akeek 

,  i 


V'! 


i79i] 


y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


265 


English 

Chippeway 

Knife,  or  knives 
Knife,  crooked 

M6koman 
Wakdckuman 

Lines  for  a  net 
Leggons,  or  stockings 
Looking  glasses 

Shenowantdgan 

Mittasse 

Warbermoone 

Needles 

Net  for  fishing 

Shaboonegun 
Assubbub 

Ribbons,  or  silk 
Rum,  or  brandy 

S^nnebar 

Scdtaywdbo,  or  Squittaywdbo 

Spear 
Shot 
Stroud,  blue 

[226] 
Stroud,  red 
Shirt 

Eshcan 

Sheesheebanwin 
Mannetoo  woygdn 

MIshwoygdn 
Parb6ckerwoydn 

Tomahawk 

Tobacco 
Thread 

Warcdckquoite,  or  Warcdck- 

quoite  Opoygan 
Assdymer 
Asstib 

V^ermilion 

Ozonnemon 

Wristbands 

Anndn 

■  i# 

r 


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TABLE  OF  WORDS 


«    ,1 


W.   li 


'il 


i  il     ,  ''' 


[227]    English 

Chippeway 

Army,  or  number  of  people 

assembled  together 

Barthtidrje 

Adultery 

Keemdtegun 

Air 

Shaquoit 

Ashes 

Pamdtay  wdybegun 

Arch  (part  of  a  circle) 

Nonddrgay 

Aunt 

Ergflshemin 

Absent 

Cdwween  dppay 

All 

Cockinn6r 

Abuse,  to  abuse 

Mecirtay 

All  together 

Cockinndr  marm6 

Alive 

Pemdrtus 

Ashamed,  to  be  ashamed 

Newemo 

Any 

Apdckcan,  or  han 

Alike,  or  equal 

Tabiscoach 

Again,  or  yet 

M^enewatch 

Alone,  at,  or  only 

Aighter  or  unter 

Always,  or  wherever 

Cargon^ek,  or  memdrmo 

After,  or  afterwards 

Ningoot 

And 

Ashea 

[228] 

A  and  The 

Pdyshik 

Another 

Ningootch 

Alone,  or  I  myself 

Nin  aighter 

Above,  or  high 

I'shpemeg 

Also,  too 

Guyyea 

Book,  letter,  paper 

Marseynaygan 

Bread,  or  flour 

Pockquofsigan 

M 


I  ( 


i.V 


i7Qi]  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  267 


English 

Chippeway 

Broth,  or  soup 

Shoanarboop 

Branches  of  a  tree 

Meetec<5nce 

Brother 

Shemayn 

Bark  of  a  tree 

Wigwass 

Bark,  fire  bark 

Scdtay  wigwass 

Boy 

Oskendygay 

Battle 

Shamishcavt 

Bag 

Mushcorriat 

Barrel 

Owent^gun 

Bridge 

Warn-.eek 

Basket,  or  hand  bowl 

Wandtch 

Bed 

P^shshemo 

Bottle 

Motay 

Bay,  or  road  for  vessels 

Ass^njey 

Box  of  wood,  or  bark,  o' 

Meteek  mushcomat,  or  muc- 

rum  keg 

cuck 

Blue 

Taldnjay 

Bald 

Parmin 

Bad,  or  wicked 

Matchee 

[229] 

Bitter 

Matooch 

Bright,  or  light 

Meeshdrquoit 

Barren,  not  bearing  fruit 

Matchee  wdybegun 

Big,  or  great 

Menditoo 

Black 

Mackcdtty 

Blind 

Warbermendech 

Broad 

Hamatchey 

Bottom 

Haundwatchey 

Busy 

U'ngwoitch 

Because 

Mewinch 

But 

Moszack 

By  and  by 

Panimdr 

V    r 


'■t 


I'   i 


•'I 


'  > 


1' 


h 


L  I 

7    \ 


268 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


'•\ 


•    I 


^v 


English 

Chippeway 

Below 

Opdrmey 

Beyond, or  far  off 

Awassa,  or  awassa  woy'ta 

Before 

Awdshshemon 

Behind 

Ning6ochum 

Between 

Icktum  guichum 

Besides 

Metdch,  or  menoche 

Canoe 

Cheeman 

Country 

Tunnockdy 

Chief,  or  captain 

Oj^maw,  or  O'kemaw 

Cup,  or  bark  bowl 

Ondgun 

Cloud,  or  grand  cover 

Kendrbo 

Cable,  or  big  rope 

Kitchee  assubbub 

Copper,  iron,  or  brass 

Pewdrbick 

Crowd 

Nepewdmoonddjewort 

[230] 

Cabin,  hut,  or  house 

Wigwaum 

Current  of  water 

Sedgwin 

Companion,  or  friend 

Neejee,  or  Neecamis 

Courage 

Hagudmissey  or  Tagudmis- 

sey 

Child,  or  children 

Queebesince 

Com,  Indian 

Meddrmin 

Covetous,  or  greedy 

Sazdrgesay 

Calm 

Annywattin 

Cunning 

Matchee  weeb^zesay 

Coarse  (not  fine) 

Matchee  arpeech 

Cold 

Geessennar 

Come  here 

Ondass 

Can  it,  is  it,  was  it 

Nar 

Carrj'ing  place,  or  portage 

Onuggemeg 

l>  i  I  )' 


1"  J 


>79i]  y-  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  269 


English 

Chippeway 

Devil,  or  Bad  Spirit 

Matchee  Mannitoo 

Daughter 

Indongway,  or  Damiss 

Dust,  or  powder 

Pingo 

Day,  fine 

Meeno  geesshegat 

Day,  bad 

Matchee  geesshegat 

Day,  or  days 

Ogiinnegat 

Day,  dawn  of 

Thur^nsera 

Dart 

Aysquish 

Dew 

Misquoitch 

Debt,  or  trust 

Marsennahatch,  or  Marsen- 

ndygan 

Door,  shut  the  door 

Squendum 

Dish 

Mackcdan 

[231] 

Down  (on  the  ground) 

Doutch 

Dear,  or  too  much 

Ozdme 

Done,  gone,  or  past 

Shyydr,  or  shdrshyyar 

Dark 

Ondrgushey 

Drunk. 

Squibby,  or  Osquibby 

Dressed,  or  ripe 

Keejetty 

Drowsy,  (I  am  drowsy) 

Neparhar 

Dry,  or  thirsty 

Sparchtay 

Deaf 

Chartch 

Dead 

Nepoo 

Deep 

Anneycheewoatch 

Edge 

Gatsotes 

Enemy,  or  bad  heart 

Matchee  Oathty 

English 

Saggonash 

Earth 

Mattoyash 

Easy 

Meenw^ndesay 

Enough 

Mee 

i' 

'I 


♦.1 


:fl 


i'  1 


h 


\  I 


2/0 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


'^I 


'  UK 


l<     p    ■ 


)  • 


V       '« 


III  1^  i 

•Ik 


\\ 


1  ,'■(     IM 


English 

Chippeway 

Empty 

Cawwcen  mooshkenay 

Equal,  or  alike 

Tabiscoach 

Each 

Papay'jit 

Flour,  or  bread 

Pockquofsigan 

Fat,  oil,  or  grease 

Pimmethy 

Food 

Mejimmim 

Fever 

Mishquoishdrtay 

Fear,  to  fear,  he  is  afraid 

Keezdycus 

[232] 

Fruit 

Pinneesh 

Feast 

Wisseneet 

Friend,  or  companion 

Neejee,  or  Necdmis 

Fool,  he  is  a  fool 

Keepdrtesee 

Flood  of  water 

Chingwim 

FamUy 

Nepewoajdnis 

Father 

N«5cey 

French,  or  builders  of  ves- 

sels 

Waymistergoash 

Fathom  (a  measure) 

Eunick 

Female,  or  woman 

E'quoy 

Fork,  or  prong  stick 

Cdwmeek  meeteek 

Fire 

Scdtay,  or  squitty 

Flint  stone 

Pewarmickcoon 

Fort,  or  tower 

Wakdygon 

Fond,  I  am  fond 

Nezdrgea 

Free,  or  generous 

Ajdckquoy 

Fine  (not  coarse) 

Arpeech 

Few 

Memdrjis 

Fresh  (not  stale) 

Meecheeweass 

Full 

Mooshquenay 

Formerly,  long  time  ago 

Maywisher 

♦  'f 


1791]  y.  Long's  Foyages  ami  Travels  271 


English 
Grease,  fat,  or  oil 
Grapes 
Girl 
God,  or  Great  Spirit 


Chippeway 
Pimmethy 
Minnishish 
E'quoysince 
Kitchee  Mannitoo 


Gold,  or  fine  yellow  metal    Kitchee  j6nia 
[233] 


Great,  good 
Green 

Great,  or  big 
Globe,  the  earth 
Gone,  past,  or  done 

Harbour 
Health 
Herb,  or  grass 


Kitchee,  or  nishshishshin 

Achib 

Menditoo 

Warbegun 

Shyyar,  or  sharshyyar 

Pejarcan 
Pemdrtus 
Nepish,  or  mejdsk 


Hell,  or  place  of  bad  spirits    Kitchee  squlttyung 


Half,  or  part 

Home,  or  dwelling 

Hill 

Husband,    or    master    of 

weakness 
Hole 

Huckleberries 
Hard,  cruel;  it  is  hard  or 

cruel 
Handsome 
Heavy 

Hot,  or  warm 
Hungry,  thin,  lean 
He,  him,  she,  or  her 
Here 
How,  or  how  do  you  do  ? 


Arbittdr 

A'shemich 

Anneech 

Nabaim 

March 

Shdamin 

Sdnnegat 

Sasay'ga 

Pest^rquan 

Geeshdrtay 

Bdcketty 

Ween 

Omdr,  or  owdy 

Waygush,  or  way  way 


\'  t 


i  \ 


!■'  / 


if 


^\'\ 


272 


Early  IVestem  Travels 


[Vol. 


»      i 


English 

Chippeway 

How  many,  or  how  much 

Tawnimilik 

Here  and  there 

Pay  payshik 

[234] 

Have,  had 

Arthty 

High,  or  above 

I'shpemeg 

Island 

Min'nesi:/ 

Ice 

Mequdrme 

Indians 

Nishinnorbay 

Journey,  to  go  a  journey 

Marchidn 

Justice,  or  truth 

Gwoyack 

Idle,  or  lazy 

Klttim 

Jealous 

Pejdrmoach 

I,  me,  or  my 

Nin,  nee,  or  nee,  nee 

I,  myself,  or  alone 

Nin  aighter 

If 

K^shpin 

Indeed 

Hapddgey 

Immediately,  or  very  soon 

Weebdtch 

In 

Pendeek 

It  is  true,  or  right,  or  very 

Kaygait,  kay,  or  meeg- 

well 

woyack 

I  have 

Kaygo 

I  have  not 

Ka,  kaygo 

Is  it,  was  it,  can  it 

Nar 

Knot  of  wood 

Mushqueew6rmeteek 

King,  or  great  chief 

G<5senan 

Lake 

Sakiegan 

Lightning,  or  quick  fire 

Squitty  annacook 

[235] 

I-oss,  to  lose 

Winnetoon 

if 


m^:^!!MS»: 


i79'l 


y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  273 


English 
Leaves 
Life 

Love,  to  love 
Land 

Lean,  hungry,  or  thin 
Little,  small 
Light  (not  heavy) 
Light,  or  bright 
Lazy,  or  idle 
Last 
ong 
Lame 
Low 

Long  since 
Lately,  or  now 
Lewd,  or  unwise 

Male 
Middle 
Music 
Merchandize 

Milk,  or  the  sap  of  the 

breast 
Medicine 
Mistress,  or  wife 
My  wife,  or  mistress 
Mouth 

[236] 
Moon 

Mat  made  of  rushes 
Mother 


Chippeu'ay 
Ncpcech 
Noochimmoin 
Zdrgay,  or  zargeytoon 
Onjee 
R6cketty 
Pongay 

Cdwween  pestdrquan 
Meeshdrquoit 
Kittim 

Ingwitch,  or  awass 
Keendnje 
Armooch 
Appywick 
Sharshyyar 
Nog6me 
Cdwwcen  annobdycassey 

Ayarb^y 
Amang 

Agummeweech 
Huncushigon,    or    annacdt- 
chigon 

Tootooshonarbo 
Maskikkec 
Mentimdyey 
Mentimdyamish 
War  bun 

Geezus 

Woyzdskquish 

Ningay 


I.. 


■I'j 


H 

'   f] 


1  ^'t 


Id 


274 


Early  IVfstem  Travels 


[Vol     2 


1     ft      ii 


English 

Man 

Montreal  (a  town  in  Cana- 
da) 
Morning 
Mountain 
Mud 
Many 

Much,  or  a  great  deal 
Mine,  belonging  to  me 
Make  haste 
Me,  my,  or  I 

News,  or  intelligence 

Name 

Night 

Nest,  bird's  nest 

Noise 

Nothing,  no,  or  not 

New,  or  strange 

Narrow 

Near,  or  nigh 

Not  yet 

Now,  or  lately 

Never 

[237] 
Oil,  fat,  or  grease;  or  to  be 

fat 

Old,  he  is  old 

Out,  or  without 

Of 

Oh!  oh! 


Chippeuay 
N  in  nee 

Monyny'yank 

Keejay'p 

Espeo'ckay 

Onjecrh 

Mdmay 

N^pewar,  or  gwotch 

VVeechdpc 

Weebittin,  or  ha  weebittdn 

Nin,  nee,  or  nee,  nee 

Mcrgummegat 

Shcnecazeau 

Dcbbikat 

VVcsshepitchta 

Tonbingesay 

Cdwween,  or  Ka 

Nobeetch,  or  pockcan 

Agussin 

Paysh^w 

Kdmarchey 

Nogdme 

Cdwwickcd,    or    cdssawick- 


Pfmrnethy 

Kcewaency 

Accochink 

An 

Taw!  waw! 


'  \i 


'7'JiI 


J,  Long's  royagt-s  and  Travfh  275 


English 
Only,  at,  or  alone 
Our,  us,  or  wc 
One,  the,  a,  >  >r  an 

Pity,  or  sorrow 

Part,  or  half 

Pain 

Plenty 

Paint 

I'eace 

Pipe 

Portage,  or  carrying  place 

Peninsula 

Poison,  or  the  taste  of  the 

bad  swelling 
Paddle,  or  small  oar 
Priest,  or  Master  of  Life's 

man 
Pack,  or  bundle  of  skins 
Present,  or  gift 
Pledge 
Price,    what    price,    how 

many,  or  how  much 
[238] 
Pleasure 

People,  or  nation 
Permission 
Patient 
l'r(X)f 
Poor 
Proud 
Pregnant 


Chippeway 
Aighter  or  unter 
Necnncrwind 
Pdyshik 

Cushkendum 

Arbittiir 

Daggow'vvemeech 

Cushcowait 

Zawniim 

Meecho 

Op<5ygan 

Onuggemeg 

Minncsin 

Matchee  pattso 
A'bboy 

Kitchee  >  .annitoo  Ninnee 

Meekintargan 

Achimmey 

Assinjdgo 

Anderso) 

Armeetso 

Nonddjewot 

Gar 

Arddtch 

Charno 

Kitchee  Mdrgussey 

Ish'pemeech 

Mooshkey 


:fl 


'\ 


) 


MICROCOPY   RESOIUTION   TEST  CHART 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    21 


_J  /APPLIED  INA^IGE     In 

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'■as  (:"6)   *82  -  0300  -  Phone 

^S  (^'6)    ^88  -  5969  -  Fa. 


2/6 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.2 


.  :^)v 


fi 


j< 


English 

Chippeway 

Past,  gone,  done 

Shyydr,  or  shdshyydr 

Perhaps 

Cdnnebatch 

Plural 

Woke 

Quiet,  all  is  quiet 

Stiggermarsh 

Quick 

Annacook 

Rock  weed,  or  tripe  de 

rfiche 

Haw'wercoon 

Rice,  Indian 

Men6mon 

River 

Seepee 

Robe  made  of  peltry 

Woygdn,  or  oakdnus 

Read 

Meekan 

Raft  of  wood 

Nepewameteek 

Rain 

Kimmeewan 

Rocks 

Essfngo 

Rushes 

Woyzdsk 

Roots  of  trees 

Watippy 

Roots,  a  figurative  expres- 

sion for  the  affections 

, 

of  the  heart  which  en- 

twine about  each  other 

Waterwawaddoossin 

[239] 

Rapid,  or  strong  current  of 

water 

Pdwwetmk 

Ready 

Guy'oxim 

Rotten 

Dadge 

Round 

Omich 

Red 

Misquitty,  or  misquy 

Rough 

Guachootch 

Raw,  or  unripe 

Kakeejetty 

Ripe,  or  dressed 

Keejetty 

^791]  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


277 


English 
Stone 

Soup,  or  broth 
Sense,  or  understanding 
Sap  of  the  breast,  or  milk 
Star 
Shame 
Stranger 
Shade 
SheU 
Sky 
Sleep 
Sugar,  or  sweet 

Salt 

Soldier,  warrior,  or  brave 

man 
Sister 

Strong,  or  strength 
Summer,  or  spring 
Stumps  of  trees 

[240] 
Storm 

Slay,  an  Indian  carriage 
Spoon 
Son 
Sand 

Ship,  or  great  canoe 
Shoes  (Indian) 
Sword,  or  great  knife 
Sea,  or  great  unbounded 

lake 
Smoke,  or  fire  fog 


Chippeway 
Assin 

Shoandrboop 
Annab<5ycassey 
Tootooshomarbo 
Anndnk 
Acheek 
P^withay 
Angwoitch 
Atch 
Esh'pea 
Nep^n 

Seezeebdckquoit,    or   seeze- 

quar 
Sheotigan 

Shemdgonish 

Shemay'nce 

Mdshkowar 


Men<5kemeg 
Mdtwort 

Matchee  geeshegar 

Tarbinndck 

Tdmmickquoin 

Jdnis 

Ddrjey 

Kitchee  ndberquoin 

Maukissin 

Kitchee  m<5koman 

Kitchee  gammink 
Ktcndrbittay 


J    ' 


i 


278 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


% 


English 

Chippeway 

Sail  of  a  ship 

Kitchee  n^berquoin  partxSck- 

erwoyan 

Snow 

C  jing 

Sun,  or  great  light 

Geessessey 

Soft 

Charbeech 

Sad 

Cushkendummerman 

Sorrow,  or  pity 

Cushkendum 

Savage,  or  wild 

Matcheewa 

Small,  or  little 

Hagtishenonce,  or  pongay 

Sharp 

Weemdtch 

Smooth 

Namin 

Sour 

Nebltch 

Sudden 

I'shmick 

Slow 

Kittermish 

Surprising 

Towwdcktowar 

Short 

Ddckquoy 

Strange,  or  new 

Nobeetch,  or  pockan 

[241] 

Such 

Shendrgussey 

Sick 

Aquoisee 

She,  her,  he,  or  him 

Ween 

Tower  or  fort 

Wakaygon 

Truth,  or  justice 

Gwoyack 

Trade 

Artawway 

Trader 

Artawway  v  Innin 

Thunder 

Tarbishdr 

Tobacco  pouch 

Kispetawgan 

Thief;  he  is  a  thief 

Keemotay 

Trees,  or  wood 

Meteek 

Thoughts 

Waybissay,  or  waybeezezay 

Thing,  or  things 

Kaygoshish 

/ol.  2 


<5ck- 


1791]  J.  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels 


279 


^y 


zay 


English 
To-morrow 
Tame 

Thin,  hungry,  or  lean 
True;  to  be  true 
This,  or  that 
They,  them,  or  ye 
There,  at  that  place 
The,  a,  an,  or  one 
To 

Thou,  or  you 
Too  little 
Too,  or  also 
Too  much 

[242] 
Together 
Thank  you 

Urine 

Valley 

Virgin 

Voice,  or  the  echo  of  the 

breath 
Village 

Unripe,  or  raw 
Unwise,  or  lewd 
Unlucky,  or  unfortunate 
Unjust,  or  wrong 
Under 
Unto 
Upon 
Very  well,  or  it  is  true,  or 

right 


Chippeway 
Warbunk 
Jimmenin 
Bocketty 
Deb'woy 
Mor,  or  momdar 
Weenewar 
Woity,  or  awoity 
Pdyshik 
Ojey 

Keen,  kee,  or  kee  kee 
Oz<5me  pongay 
Guyyea 
Oz<5me 

Marmo 
Meegwoitch 

Meessay 

Amarcheep 

Qu^wescence 

Tarpoach 
Narpoon 
Kakeejetty 

Cdwween  annaboycassey 
Basqueenewar 
Cdwween  gwoyack 
Otdrpeet 
Un'towarch 
Ish'carmooch 

Meegwoyyack,  kay,  or  kay- 
gait 


t    I 


'1 
V  'I 

f 

I! 

■'  I   il 


:>/  ■' 


28o 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol    2 


I  t 


V" 


English  Chippeway 

Very  soon,  or  immediately    Weebatch 
Us,  we,  our,  all  of  us  Neenncrwinu 


Wife,  or  mistress 

Water 

Wind 

Wound 

War,  to  go  to  war,  to  fight, 

or  quarrel 
Woods 
Wine,  or  blood  red  broth 

[243] 
Whore,  or  bad  woman 

Winter,  or  year 

Well  of  water 

Word 

Wing 

Witness,  you  are  a  witness 

World,  the  other  world 

Wide 

Weary,  or  tired 

Wild,  or  savage 

Warm,  or  hot 

Wet 

Willing,  to  be  willing 

White 

Weak 

WUd 

We,  us,  or  oar 

Who,  or  who  is  that  ? 


Mentimoy'ey 
Nippee 
Noetting 
Aquish 

Mecartay 

Mendpemeg 

Misquoyshoanarboop 

Matchee  mdyamee 
Beb<5ne 
Sagoyb 
Caza 

Gwimbitch 
Ken'dersay 

Pockcan  worroc'kay,  or  pock- 
can  tunnoc'kay 
Packquolm 
Nowwenday'shon 
Matcheewa 
Geeshar'tay 
Neepeeweenoon 
Can'nar,  or  cun'ner 
Warbishcdr 
Cdwween  mush'kowar 
Camaboycus 
Neennerwind 
Way'nin 


i79i]  J.  Long's  Voyages  ami  Travels  28  i 


English 
What,  or  what  now  ? 

Where 

When,  or  whence 

Why 

Wherever,  or  always 

Was  it,  is  it,  can  it 

[244] 
Young  (offspring) 
Yesterday 
Young  man,  or  men 
Ye,  they,  or  them 
Ye,  your 
Yes 
Yellow 
Yet,  or  again 


Chippeway 
Hawwaneeyaw,  tar'nin,  tar'- 

neyau,  or  way'gonin 
Aiinday 
Tan'nepy 
Cannatoo 

Cargoneek,  or  memar'mo 
Nar 

Wiskon'kissey 

Pitchynar'go 

Doskeennerway'mug 

Weennewar 

K6ennei-wind 

Angay'mer,  or  Nan'gaymer 

Jonia 

Meenewatch 


To  amuse,  or  play 

To  account 

To  approve;  I  approve 

To  assist 

To  alter,  or  change 

To  affront 

To  answer,  or  attend  to 

To  ask,  I  ask 

To  ascend 

To  abandon,  or  forsake 

To  arrive  at  a  place 

To  arrive  by  land 

To  arrive  by  water 


Athtergain 

Metashwdrbermy 

Momooch  nezar'gay 

Mawwinnewah 

Mishcoot 

Nishcar'teyan 

Noneydone 

Nindooton,  or  nindootimond 

Negddeja 

Pack'itan 

Takooshin 

Keekeepejar'can 

Sharshyyar'  new'ebens 


s 
if  \ 

K... 
u 

'  ] 


I 


282 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.   2 


V  ■' 


English 

Chippeway 

To  avoid 

Yaquoy 

To  attack 

Jimmim 

To  be  vexed ;  I  am  vexed 

Nischcdrteseyyan 

[245] 

To  believe 

Inden^ndum  gwoyack 

To  bawl 

Tonbingus 

To  be  told 

Ecdrto 

To  begin 

Ethetum  war'march 

To  bend 

Maichlm 

To  be  willing 

Can'nar,  or  cun'ner 

To  betray  all 

Matchee  arp^^ech  chickwar'- 

woke 

To  beat,  or  bruise 

Packettywaum 

To  bring,  or  fetch 

Nartin,  or  Petoon 

To  bind,  or  tie 

Tackan'nin 

To  break,  or  tear 

Bowwiskar 

To  bite 

Quoyjim 

To  build 

Gowwedjetoon 

To  barter 

Gudgymdrdat 

To  boil 

Zepeeooch 

To  borrow 

Carmatch'ey 

To  bum 

Squitty  drbach 

To  beg  (you  beg) 

Keenanddton 

To  bathe 

Nepewoy'awat 

To  be  unconcerned,  or  in- 

different about  a  thing 

Mornooch  towwdrch 

To  cut 

Kiskejune 

To  call 

Nandootum 

To  choose 

Tucku'nnin 

To  cure 

Zarsquoy 

•  I 


179']  J.  Long's  Foygres  and  Travels  283 


[246]    English 

Chippeway 

To  catch 

Keeasquin 

To  clean 

Warbermeech 

To  chew 

VVis'semeg 

To  come  on 

Ondash'in 

To  carry 

Kccmarjemet 

To  close 

Dusquin 

To  converse 

Debdrchim,  or  debdrchemon 

To  conquer 

Ninnowatchim 

To  dance 

Nem^h 

To  drown 

Nepewooch 

To  divide 

Arbitdrch 

To  dig 

Achim 

To  dwell,  or  stay 

Appay 

To  defend 

Mushkdwesay 

To  dream 

Charmeech 

To  drop 

Char'quoy 

To  depart 

Gamar'char 

To  drink 

Minniquah 

To  dip 

Marchtooch 

To  elect 

Keetdrpeech 

To  embark 

Boossin 

To  experience 

Candan 

To  expect 

Indenendumsee 

To  eat 

Wissinnin 

[247] 

To  freeze 

Mushcow'wartin 

To  find 

Warbermecd 

To  fast 

Bockettyneech 

To  fish 

Bockettywaun 

To  feel 

Tarpin,  or  peach 

i' 

I 

I 

j 

t; 


ft 


284 


Early  IVestern  Travels 


[Vol.  1 


i\ 


I 


i 


1§A 


English 

Chippeway 

To  faU 

Ponkissin 

To  float 

Amooch 

To  follow 

Weegewach'in 

Tc.  forget;!  forgot 

Newinnemeecoossay 

To  foretell;  I  foretell 

Newdrbemoach 

To  fetch,  or  bring 

Nartin,  or  petoon 

To  fly 

Zeewltch 

To  grow 

Amecchet 

To  grind 

Ojit 

To  give 

Ddrmissey 

To  gi    I  will  go 

Es'zar,  or  Guddeszar 

To  go  by  water 

Pamiskian,  or  pemfskar 

To  go  by  land 

Papamotay 

To  get  up,  or  rise 

Gonisbcar 

To  govern 

Tibarimaw 

To  hide 

Cannawdndan 

To  hold 

Jingwim 

To  hate 

Neshdrquish 

To  hear 

Stootewar,  or  nonc^  '-^aitch 

To  hurt 

Naw'wameetch 

[248] 

To  hang 

Peechuganub 

To  hunt 

G^osay 

To  hit 

Mdtwoit 

To  have 

Arwayyor 

To  interpret 

Kitchee  uiigwoitch  undarje- 

wort 

To  jump 

Abooch 

To  join,  I  join 

Neewo 

^  .1 


"  t 


179']  y.  Long's  Voyages  an  J  Tnnrls  285 


English 

Chippt'^-ay 

To  keep 

Gannewainncmar 

To  km 

Gunnesar 

To  know,  you  k  ow 

KeccannawC'tidan 

To  kick 

Achip 

To  lend 

Mishcow'wom  ?ech 

To  love;  love 

Zargay,  or  zdrgeytoon 

To  long  to  see,  or  wish 

Bad.1sh 

To  lose;  loss 

Winnctoon 

To  lift 

Es'termecch 

To  learn 

E'shpermcech 

To  lead 

Acheech 

To  lie  down 

Neparhan 

To  lie,  a  falsity 

Cdwween  deb'woy 

To  laugh 

Pawpy' 

To  meet 

Neewatch 

To  make  fire  and  cook 

Pooterway  chebdckwoy 

[249] 

To  make,  or  do 

Ojeytoon,  or  tojeytoon 

To  measure 

A  pin 

To  melt 

Acheemeech 

To  mend 

Packquoy  mowacbin 

To  mix 

Packquoltso 

To  marry 

Tuckunnu'mkewish 

To  make  water 

Meesesay 

To  neglect 

VVInnemawatch 

To  own 

Guddypen'dan,  or  dependan 

To  open 

Pameech,  or  hapitch 

To  p'ace,  or  put 

Acktone,  or  neech 

i  I 


;f 


! 


h 


i" 


i 


a 


286 


Early  IVestem  Travels 


[Vol.  , 


J! 


I    t  ' 


English 
To  pull 
To  pay 
To  please 
To  push 
To  pass 
To  pierce 
To  pinch 
To  promise 
To  perspire 

To  return 

To  raise 
To  receive 

[250] 
To  row 
To  rejoice 
To  run 
To  read 
To  revolt 
To  ride 
To  release 
To  rise  or  get  up 


Chippeway 
Ajilrmc 
Guddypa'rhan 
Mirrowcrrindan 
Mcetso 
Pisquitch 
Chagworm 
Chlmmcney 
Nebebecwoy 
Matootoo 

Tercus'henan,  or  guabeeche- 

way 
Ishpin 
AjJmmoach 

Pemlshkar 

Papyan 

Squamlch 

Daguoltso 

Etummecdrtey 

Annyscoop 

Pejdrkemet 

Gonfshcar 


■f  tl 


To  repudiate,  to  throw  away  Waybendn 


M     ' 


r\ 


To  shake 
To  stand  up 
To  sail 
To  ..pit 
To  seek 
To  stand 
To  seize 


Pisquemeetch 

Pdsserquoin 

Pemishcarmooch 

Warmar'ch 

Warchar'ch 

Anddtch 

Ajimmenin 


i79i]  y.  Long's  F(yages  and  Travels  28"' 


English 
To  stab 
To  split 
To  shew 
To  shut 
To  sing 
To  sink 
To  satisfy 
To  sit  down,  or  sit  you 

down 
To  send 
To  smoke  a  >     e 

To  swim 

To  see 

To  speak 

To  smell 

To  say;  what  did  you  say? 
when  spoke  angrily 

To  stink;  you  stink,  or  your 
sentiments  are  offen- 
sive 

To  strike 

To  steal 

To  sleep 

To  tie,  or  bind 
To  touch 
To  tell 
To  think 

To  throw  away;  to  repudi- 
ate 
To  take 


Chippeway 

BatchcyjHjhonc 

Chippauk 

Serpdrgusscy 

Cu  ,)crharne 

Ndjemoon 

Nonddgat 

Xcminwaindcsce 

Mantetdppy 
Marchetoon 
Suggcrsoy 

Squabccch 

Wabemdt,  or  wabemdr 
Debdrchim,  or  debdrchemon 
laqultch 

Ickeet<5yan 


KeemC'chawic. 
Keebdrcham 
Keemdtyan 
Nepdn 

Tackannin 

Chewwar 

Gudjey 

In'denind,  or  indenendum 

Waybendn 
Tarpendn 


r    I 


I' 


\s 


' } 


k 


288 


,'i 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.   2 


English  Chippeway 

To  understand  Neesstootewar 

To  view,  or  examine  well 

mj'  mind  Wabinddn 

To  vex  Annascar'tissey,  or  nishcar'- 

tissey 


To  win 
To  watch 
To  wash 

[252] 
To  work 
To  want 
To  weep 
To  walk,  or  go 
To  weigh 
To  wish,  or  long  to  see 


Warmatt 

Warbennis,  or  warbenn^t 

Zaqu^benan 

Tojeytoon,  or  gtisketoon 

Guy'yossey 

Marmy' 

Pamdsay 

Quois'ciquen 

Baddsh 


1 1 


i     . 


Si  , 


■ .     k' 


.'1 


TABLE   OF   WORDS 


[253]    Chippeway 
Abboy 
Ajack'quoit 
Annaboy'cassey 
Anik 

Appimlniquy 
Ayarb^y  awashk^sh 
Amik 
Ass^njey 
Anim 
Animdnce 
Aysquish 
Awashk6sh 
Annooch 
Argdtso 
Asslnbo 
Artik'kameg 
Arcoquosh'ergan 
Armoche 
Arbittdr 
Anneech 
A'shemich 
Akeek 

[254] 
Ayarb^y 
Annacdtchigon,  or  huncti- 

shigon 
Amdng 

Agummeweech 
Asstibub 


English 
Paddle,  or  small  oar 
Axe 

Sense,  or  understanding 
Arm 

Beaver  skin 
Buck,  or  male  deer 
Beaver 

Bay,  (harbour  for  canoes) 
Dog 

Dog,  puppy 
Dart 
Deer 

Eye  that  squints 
Fingers 
Fox 

White  fish 
Gartering 
Hand 

Half,  or  part 
HUl 

Home,  or  dwellmg 
Kettle,  or  pot 

Male 

Merchandise 

Middle 

Music 

Net  for  fishing 


1  > 


:i 


i 


290 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.2 


' «,  H' 


I  :     >     1 


'i   '.' 


Chippeway 

English 

Assub 
Achimmey 

Thread 
Present,  or  gift 

Assinj^go 

Pledge 

An'dersoy,  or 

tawnymUik 

Price;   what  price?   how 
many  ?  how  much  ? 

Armeetso 

Pleasure 

Ashin'go 

Ribs 

Asseeban 

Racoon 

Amikwoygdn 

,  or  amik  oak- 

6nus 

Beaver  robe 

Aquish 

Wound 

Attees 

Sinews 

Annunk 

' 

Star 

Assin 

Stone 

Acheek 

Shame 

Angwoitch 

Shade 

Atch 

Shell 

Artawway 

Trade 

Artawway  winnin 

Trader 

Assay'mer 

Tobacco 

Amarcheep 

VaUey 

Anndnk 

Wrist 

Anndn 

Wristbands 

[255] 

Annywattin 

Calm 

Anneycheewoatch 

Deep 

Achib 

Green 

Armooch 

Lame 

Ajack'quoy 

Free,  or  generous 

Appywick 

Low 

Agiissin 

Narrow 

Arddtch 

Patient 

1791]  y.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


291 


Chippeway 
Arpeech 
Annacook 
Ac'quoisee 
Apackhan,  or  han 
Awoity,  or  woity 
Aighter,  or  unter 
Aunday 

Angdymer,  or  ndngaymer 
Awashemon 
An 

Awa'ss,  or  ingwitch 
Awa'ssa,  or  awa'ssa  woy'ta 
Accochink 
Arthty 
Ashea 
Athtergain 
Arbitdrch 
Arwayyor 
Achim 
An'yscoop 

[256] 
Appay 
Amooch 
Acheech 
Ameechet 
Achfp 
Abooch 
Apin 
Ajdrme 
Ajfmmoach 
Ajimmenin 
Andatch 


English 
Fine,  not  coarse 
Quick 
Sick 
Any 

There;  at  a  place 
Only,  at,  alone 
Where 
Yes 
Before 
Of 
Last 

Beyond,  or  far  oil 
Out,  or  without 
Have,  had 
And 

To  amuse,  or  play 
To  divide 
To  have 
To  dig 
To  ride 

To  dwell,  or  stay 

To  float 

To  lead 

To  grow 

To  kick 

To  jump 

To  measure 

To  pull 

To  receive 

To  seize 

To  stand 


\-    I 


^>.i 


iW 


\f  1 


\)\ 


!''     «l 


M 


4.| 


'■rs 


!(!^ 


':  'i; 


292 


Earfy  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


Chippeway  English 

Ac'ktone,  or  neech  To  place,  or  put 
Annascar'tissey,  or  nlshcar- 

tisscy  To  vex 

Acheemeech  To  melt 


Baskey'zegan 

Gun 

Bebo'ne 

Winter,  or  year 

Barthtiar'je 

Army,  or  number  of  people 

assembled  together 

Bdcketty 

Hungry,  thin,  lean 

Basqueenewar 

Unlucky,  or  unfortunate 

Bowwis'kar 

To  break,  or  tear 

Bdckettyneech 

To  fast 

Batcheypehone 

To  stab 

Bad^.sh 

To  long  to  see,  or  wish 

B(5ckettywaun 

To  fish 

Boossin 

To  embark 

[257] 

Cushk6ndum 

Sorrow,  or  pity 

Cheeman 

Canoe 

Cushecance 

Tame  cat 

Cark  cark 

Crow 

Chingwim 

Flood  of  water 

Cawmeek  meteek 

Fork,  or  prong  stick 

Coocooshe 

Hog 

Cushccwait 

Plenty 

Cawween,  or  ka 

Nothing,  no,  not 

Cdza 

Word 

Cdwween  dppay 

Absent 

Cockinndr 

All 

Cockinn6r  marm6 

All  together 

Chartch 

Deaf 

J79I]  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


•93 


Chippeway 
Cdwween  mooshkenay 
Cdwween  pest^rquan 
Cdwween  annaboy'cassey 
Charbeech 

Cushkendummerman 
Ciwween  gwoyack 
Cdwween  mush'kowar 
Cainayboy'cus 
Cargoneek,  or  memirmo 
Cdwwickd,  or  cdssawick- 

cd 
Cannatoo 
Can'nebatch 
Charno 
[258] 
Can'ner,  or  cun'ner 
Candan 
Charmeech 
Char'quoy 
Cannaw^ndan 
Cawween  deb'woy 
Chagworm 
Chlmmeney 
Chippauk 
Cupperhame 
Chewwar 
Carmdtchey 

Deb'bikat 

Doskeennerway'mug 
Daggow'wemeech 
Dar'jey 


English 
Empty 

Light  (not  heavy) 
Lewd,  or  unwise 
Soft 
Sad 

Unjust,  or  wrong 
Weak 
Wild 
Always,  wherever 

Never 
Why 
Perhaps 
Proof 

WUling,  to  be  willing 

To  experience 

To  dream 

To  drop 

To  hide 

To  lie  (a  falsity) 

To  pierce 

To  pinch 

To  split 

To  shut 

To  touch 

To  borrow 

Night 

Young  man,  or  men 

Pain 

Sand 


t    1 


294 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


h»' 


1^ 


Chippeivay 

English 

Dar'niss,  or  indong'way 

Daughter 

Dadge 

Rotten 

Ddckquoy 

Short 

Doutch 

Down,  on  the  ground 

Deb'woy 

True,  to  be  true 

Dus'quin 

To  close 

Debar'chim,  or  debar'che- 

mon 

To  converse 

Daguoit'so 

To  read 

Depen'dan,  or  gtiddypendan  To  own 

Dar'missey 

To  give 

[259] 

Eunick 

Fathom  (a  measure) 

Ergush'shemin 

Aunt 

E'quoy 

Woman,  or  female 

E'quoysince 

Girl 

Eshtergdan 

Head 

Espeoc'kay 

Mountain 

Esslngo 

Rocks 

Eshteroath'can 

Skull 

E'shcan 

Spears 

Esh'pea 

Sky 

Es'zar,  or  giiddeszar 

To  go;  I  will  go 

Ethetum  war'march 

To  begin 

Es'termeech 

To  lift 

Esh'permeech 

To  learn 

Etummecar'tey 

To  revolt 

Fcar'to 

To  be  told 

Gdsenan 

King,  or  great  chief 

Gwat'so 

Eyebrow 

179']  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  295 


Chippeway 
Gatsoatcs 
Gwoyack 
Geczus 
Gu^veshew 
Going 
Geessessey 
Gwimbltch 
Geecsennar 

[260] 
Geeshar'tay 

Guy'oxim 

Guachootch 

Gar 

Guyyea 

Gwotch,  or  n^pewar 

Guuggymdrdat 

Guabeecheway,  or  tercd 

shenan 
Gowwe^jetoon 
Gamar'char 
Guy'yossey 
G^osay 

Gannewain'nemar 
Gun'nesar 
Guddypar'han 
Guddypen'dan,  or  ddp 


English 
Edge 

Justice,  or  truth 
Moon 
Plover 
Snow 

Sun,  or  great  light 
Wing,  of  birds 
Cold 

Hot,  or  warm;  to  make  hot 

or  warm 
Ready 
Rough 
Permission 
Also,  too 

Much,  or  a  great  deal 
To  barter 

To  return 
To  build 
To  depart 
To  want 
To  hunt 
To  keep 
To  kill 


To 


pay 


Gudjey 


'kar 


Gonish 
Gusketoon 


!an  To  own 
To  tell 
To  rise,  or  get  up 


or  tdjeytoon        To  work 


i! 


\, 


Guddeszar,  or  Es'zar  To  go,  I  will^go 


296 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


Chippeway 

English 

Huncush'igon,  or  annacotch' 

- 

igon 

Merchandise 

Hagua'missey,   or   tagud- 

missey 

Courage 

Hdwoyzask 

Musquash,  or  musk  rat 

Haw'wercoon 

Tripe  de  rdche,  or  rock  wee< 

Hamdtchey 

Broad 

[261] 

Haundwdtchey 

Bottom 

Hagiishenonce 

Sn.Jl 

Hawwaneeyaw,  tamin,  tar- 

neyau,  or  way'gonin 

What,  or  what  now  ? 

Han,  or  apackcan 

Any 

Hapadjey 

Indeed 

Hapitch,  or  pameech 

To  open 

Ha  weebittan,  or  weebittan 

Make  haste 

Indong'way,  or  dar'niss 

Daughter 

Jdnis 

Son 

Jdnia 

Yellow 

Ish'pemeg 

High,  or  above 

Ingwitch,  or  awdss 

Last 

Ish'pemeech 

Proud 

I'shmick 

Sudden 

Jimmenin 

Tame 

Is'quamach 

Belly 

Icktum  guichum 

Between 

I'shcarrnooch 

Upon 

In'denind,  or  indenen'dum 

To  think 

Indenen'dumsee 

To  expect 

Jlmmim 

To  attack 

Jingwim 

To  hold 

[Vol.  J 


^79')  J.  Long's  r^jyagi's  and  Tmich 


297 


Chippeway  English 

Ishpin  To  raise 

Jaqultch  To  smell 

Indenen'dum  ff./oyack  To  believe  a  thing  true 
[262] 

Ickkectoyan  To  say;  what  dia  you  say  ? 

when  spoken  angrily 


Kes'coneek 

Keemdtcgun 

Kitchee  anwin 

Kitchee  carbo 

Keenar'bo 

Kitchee  assubbub 

Keegdnce 

Keepartesee 

Kitchee  mannitoo 

Kitchen  jdnia 

Kitchee  squittyung 

Kcejayp 

Keenonjey 

Kitcl  .'e  mannitoo  ninnee 

Kimmeewan 

Keenaypick'neeshey 

Kitchee  meework 

Kitchee  mdkoman 

Kitchee  gammink 

Keendrbittay 

Kitchee   ndberquoin    par- 

bock'erwoyan 
Kitchee  ndberquoin 
Keemotay 


Broken  arm 

Adultery 

Ball,  or  large  shot 

Crane  (a  bird) 

Cloud,  or  grand  cover 

Cable,  o-  big  rope 

Fish 

Fool ;  he  is  a  fool 

God,  or  Great  Spirit 

Gold,  or  fine  yellow  metal 

Hell,  or  place  of  bad  spirits 

Morning 

Pike,  a  fish 

Priest,  or  Master  of  Life's 

man 
Rain 
Snakes 
Swan 

Sword,  or  great  knife 
Sea,  or  great  unbounded  lake 
Smoke,  or  fire  fog 

Sail  of  a  ship 
Ship,  or  great  canoe 
Thief;heisathiv^f 


'( 


298 


Early  fVestem  Travels 


[Vol.  J 


.  1' 


[363]    Chippeway 

Kispctaw'gan 

Keezay'cus 

Ken'dcrsay 

Kitchee,  or  nishshishshin 

Ki  tehee  way'besun 

Kittim 

Keen6nge 

Keewdency 

Kitchee  mor'guss'iy 

Kakcejetty 

Keejetty 

KIttermish 

Keen,  kee,  or  kee  kee 

Ka,  or  ca'v/ween 

K^shpin 

Kaygoshish 

Kaygait,  kay,  or  meegwoy- 

ack 
Kamar'chey 
Keennenvind 
Kaygo 
Kakaygo 
Keenanddton 
Keeas'quin 
Keekeepejar'can 
Kiskejune 
Keemar'jemet 
Keetar'peech 

[264] 
Kitchee  ungwoitch,  undar'- 

jewort 
Keemdtyan 


Erglish 
Tobacco  pouch 
Fear;  to  icar;  he  is  afraid 
Witness;  you  are  a  witness 
Great,  or  good 
Armbands 
Idle,  or  lazy 
Long 

Old,  he  is  old 
Poor 

Raw,  or  unripe 
Ripe,  or  dressed 
Slow 

Thou,  or  you 
No,  not ;  nothing 
If 
Thing,  or  things 

It  is  true,  or  truly 

Not  yet 

Ye,  your 

I  have 

I  have  no' 

To  beg;  you  beg 

To  catch 

To  arrive  by  land 

To  cut 

To  carry 

To  elect 


To  interpret 
To  steal 


'79'1  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


299 


Chippeway 
Ktvmcechawich 

Kcebar'chaui 
Kcccannawen'dan 

Lissy 

Mejisk,  or  neplsh 
Marchiin 

Mushqueewor'meteek 

Mannetdncc 

Misquy' 

Mannetoo  menan'ce 

Mackquih 

Mackquacon'ce,  or  mack- 

on'ce 
Meetecdnse 
Marseynay'gan 


English 
To  stink;  you  stink,  or  your 
sentiments  arr  offensive 
To  strike 
To  know;  you  know 

Human  hair 

Herb,  or  grass 

Journey;  to  go  a  journey 

Knot  of  wood 

Ants,  and  all  small  insects 

Blood 

Beads 

Bear 

Cub  bear 
Branches  of  a  tree 
Book,  letter,  or  paper 


Meteek  mfishcomat,  or  muc-  Box  of  wood,  or  bark,  or  rum 


cuck 
M6tay 
Mushcomat 
Meecoose 
Medar'min 
Mendmon 
Matchee  Mannitoo 
Misquoitch 

[265] 
Mackcdan 
Mcekintar'gan 
Marsennahatch,  or  marsen 
nay'gan 


keg 
Bottle 
Bag 

Canoe  awls 
Indian  com 
Indian  rice 
Devil,  or  bad  spirit 
Dew 

Dish 

Pack,  or  bundle  of  skins 

Debt,  or  trust 


300 


Early  IVestern  Travels 


{Vol. 


l\ 


Chippeway 

English 

Mecno  gccsshcgat 

Fine  day 

Matchee  gecshegat 

Dad  day 

Mt»ousc 

Elk 

Meegeczes 

Eagle 

Matchcc  oathty 

Enemy,  or  bad  heart 

Matt-^yash 

Earth 

Mccchaw 

Face 

Meed  sdy  wort 

Fundament 

Muckkikee 

Frog 

Mcjimmim 

Food 

Mishquoishdrtay 

Fever 

Marchew' 

Gall 

Min'nishish 

Grapes 

March 

Hole 

Min'nesey 

Island 

Min'nesin 

Peninsula 

Mecquorm 

Ice 

Mdkoman 

Knife,  or  knives 

Meemoche 

Lips 

Mittasse 

Leggons,  or  stockings 

Maunk 

Loon,  (a  bird) 

Maskikkee 

Medicine 

Mentimoy'ey 

Wife,  or  mistress 

Mentimoy'amish 

My  wife,  or  mistress 

[266] 

Mfesey 

Mouth 

Mergummegat 

News 

Mackcutty,  or  mackcutty 

fingo 

Gunpowder,  or  black  dust 

Meecho 

Peace 

Matchee  pattso 

Poison,  or  the  taste  of  tb 

bad  swelling 

'^^'^  7-  ^""g'^  yoyages  and  Travih 


Chippeway 

Mcekan 

Mannctoo  woygan' 

Mishwoygan' 

Mcndkemeg 

i«lai'\  ort 

Mtisnkowar 

Matchee  gcesshegar 

Monyny'yank 

Maukissin 

Mcl'iek 

Mitchea 

Meessay 

Mawhin'gon 

Mecar'tay 

Mcndpemeg 

Misquoyshoanar'boop 

Matchee  mdyamee 

Matchee 

Matooch 

Matchee  way'begun 

[267] 
Menditoo 
Matchee  arpeech 
Matchee  weebeezesay 
Meenwen'desay 
Mee 

Meermdrjis 

Meecheweass 

Mooshquenay 

Mackcutty 

Meeshar'quoit 


30 ' 


English 

Road 

Blue  Stroud 

Red  Stroud 

Summer,  or  sprin^ 

Stumps  of  trees 

Strength,  or  strong 

Storm 

Montreal,  a  town  in  Canada 

Indian  shoes 

Trees,  or  wood 

Thumbs 

Urine 

Wolf 

War;  to  gc  to  war;  to  f:ght, 

or  quarrel 
Woods 

Wine,  or  blood  red  broth 
Whore,  o-  bad  woman 
I>  id,  or  wicked 
Bitter 
Barren,  or  not  bearing  fruit 

Big,  or  great 
Coarse,  not  fine 
Cunning 
Easy 
Enough 
Few- 
Fresh,  not  stale 
Full 
Black 
Light,  or  bright 


302 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


1  t 


\  • 


I  I  r 


i^ 


'  \  . 


Chippeway 
Marnay 
Mooshkey 

Misquy,  or  misquitiy 
Matcheewa 
Marmo 

Maunder,  or  mor 
Metdch,  or  menoch 
Mewinch 
Meenewatch 
Memar'mo,  or  cargoneek 
Maywisher 

Moszack 

Meegwoyack,  kay,  or  kay- 

gait 
Meewgotch 
Mishcoot 
Marchetoorj 

[268] 
Mantetappy 
Meetso 

Mirrowerrindan 
Metashwar'bermy 
Momooch  nezar'gay 
Mawwinnewah 
Marchim 

Matchee  arpeech  chickwar 
Matchee  arpeech  chickwar' 

woke 
Marmy' 
Momooch  towwdrch 


English 
Many 
Pregnant 
Red 

Savage,  or  wild 
Together 
This,  or  that 
Besides 
Because 
Again,  or  yet 
Always,  wherever 
Long  time  ago,  formerly,  or 

is  it  long  since  ? 
But 
It  is  true,  or  right,  or  very 

well 
Thank  you 
To  alter,  or  change 
To  send 

To  sit  down,  or  sit  you  down 

To  push 

To  please 

To  account 

To  approve;  I  approve 

To  assist 

To  bend 

To  betray 

To  betray  a  number  of  peo- 
ple 

To  weep 

To  be  unconcerned,  or  in- 
different about  a  thing 


I79I]  y.  Long's  Voyages  ami  Travels 


Chippeway 
Mushkiwesay 
Mat'woit 
Min'niquah 
Mishcow'womeech 
Marchtooch 
Mushcow'wartin 
Matootoo 

Nondar'gay 

Nowettywich,  or  nowwetting 

Narmay'bin 

Nepewamoonddjewort 
Non'dawar 
Neejee,  or  neecamis 
Ncpewoaj^nis 
Ndcey 
[269] 
Nepish,  or  mejdsk 
Nabaim' 


I'^l 


English 
To  defend 
To  hit 
To  drink 
To  lend 
To  dip 
To  freeze 
To  perspire 

Arch,  part  of  a  circle 

Breath 

Carp,  a  fish 

Crowd 

Ear 

Friend,  or  companion 

Family 

Father 


Nishinnorbay 

Noochimmoin 

Nin'gay 

Ninnee 

Narb 

Neecark 

Ncpeech 

Nekcek 

Neatissum,  or  weebor'so 

Nondajewot 

Nepewameteek 

Nink 


Herb,  or  grass 

Husband,  or  master  of  weak- 
ness 
Indians 
Life 
Mother 
Man 

Nails  of  fingers  and  toes 
Wild  goose 
Leaves 
Otter 

Veins  of  the  body 
People,  or  nation 
Raft  of  wood 
Skin  of  animals 


ii 


304 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.a 


'.'i 


11*;. 1 


f  f  I 


Chippeway 

Nepan' 
Narmay'guiss 
Narpoon 
Nippec 
Noetting 
Newemo 
Ningootch 
Nezar'gea 
Nepewar,  or  gwotch 
Nif  hshishshin',  or  kitchee 
Nobeetch,  or  pockcan 
Namin 
Nebitch 
[270] 
Nepeeweenoon 
Nowwenday'shon 
Neepoo 
Neparhar 

Nin,  nee,  or  nee  nee 

Nin  aighter 

Neennerwind 

Nangay'mer,or  angay'mer 

Nogom 

Ningoot 

Ningoochum 

Ningootch 

Nar 

Nishcar'teyan 

Neeshar'quish 

Nishcarteseyan 

Nishcartissay,  or  annascar 
tissey 


English 

Sleep 

Trout 

Village 

Water 

Wind 

Ashamed ;  to  be  ashamed 

Another 

Fond,  I  am  fond 

Much,  or  a  great  deal 

Good,  or  great 

New,  or  strange 

Smooth 

Sour 

Wet 

Weary,  or  tired 

Dead 

Drowsy;  I  am  drowsy 

I,  me,  my 

I  myself,  or  alone 

We,  us,  or  our;  all  of  us 

Yes 

Now,  or  lately 

Afterwards,  or  after 

Behind 

Another 

Is  it,  was  it,  can  it 

To  affront 

To  hate 

To  be  vexed ;  I  am  vexed 

To  vex 


■X- 


[Vol.a 


179O  J.  Long's  Foyages  and  Travels 


305 


ned 


us 


exed 


Chippeway 
Ndneydone 
Nindooton,    or    nindooti- 

mond 
Negddeja 
Nepewoy'awat 
Neesstootewar 
Ninnowatchim 
Nemeh 
Nepewooch 
Nartin,  or  petoon 
Naw'wameetch 

[271] 
Neewo 
Neparhan 
Newinnemecoossay 
Newdrbemoach 
Nondagaitch,  or  stootewar 
Neewatch 
Necch,  or  acktone 
Nebebeewoy 
Najemoon 
Nonddgat 
Neminwain'desee 
Nepa'n 
Nandootum 


'»■ 


English 
To  answer,  or  attend  to 

To  ask;  I  ask 

To  ascend 

To  bathe 

To  undc 

To  conquL. 

To  dance 

To  drown 

To  fetch,  or  bring 

To  hurt 

To  join 

To  lie  down 

To  forget;  I  forget 

To  foretell;  I  foretell 

To  hear 

To  meet 

To  put,  or  place 

To  promise 

To  sir.',' 

To  sink 

To  satisfy 

To  sleep 

To  call 


*t 


0"agun  Bark  bowl,  or  cup 

Oakdnus,  or  amik  woygan'  Beaver  robe 

Opeewyesky  Beard 

Onick'quick  Back 

Oakcan  Bones 

Opin  Brain 


3o6 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol. 


I 


i' 


't>'t\ 


i^ 


Chippeway 

Oncean 

Oskenay'gay 

Owentagun 

Ojemaw,  or  O'kemaw 

Ogunnegat 

Ozett 

Oyan 

[272] 
Ochick' 
Onuggesh 
Oathty 
Opeeway 
Oweoathcoan 
Onuggemeg 
Ogashy 
Ocdrt 
Onjee 
Onjeech 
Opoy'gan 
Ogdnce 
Onnemay 
Opickquoy 
Oquarme 
Outon 
Ozonnemon 
Oz6me 

Oz6me  pongay 
Onar'gushey 
Omich 
Opar'mey 
Omar,  or  owdy 
Otarpeet 


English 
Breech  clout 
Boy 
Barrel 
Chief 

Day,  or  days 
Foot,  or  feet 
Fur  of  animals 

Fisher,  an  animal 

Bowels 

Heart 

Hair  of  animals 

Hats 

Portage,  or  carrying  place 

Horse 

Leg 

Land 

Mud 

Pipe 

Pickerill,  a  fish 

Sturgeon,  a  fish 

Squirrel 

Thighs 

Tongue 

Vermillion 

Too  much,  or  dear 

Too  little 

Dark 

Round 

Below 

Here 

Under 


179']  J'  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  307 


Chippcicay 

English 

Ojey 

To 

Ondass 

Come  here 

Osquibby,  or  squibby 

Drunk 

[273] 

Ojit 

To  grind 

Ojeytoon,  or  ogubbetoon 

To  make,  or  do 

Ondashin' 

To  come  on 

Pennyshance 

All  small  birds 

Pamdtay  way'begun 

Ashes 

Peckqueen  dorsow 

Breech 

Pewarbickc6nce 

Brass  wire 

Paunea 

Broaches 

Peshshekey 

Buffalo 

Pesh'shemo 

Bed 

Penar'quan 

Combs 

Piskaw^gan 

Coats 

Peshshew 

Wood  cat 

Pewar'bick 

Copper,  iron,  or  brass 

Pingo 

Dust,  or  powder 

Pewyar 

Eyelid 

Pennyshis 

Fowl,  or  birds 

Pockquoisigan 

Flour,  or  bread 

Pinneesh 

Fruit 

Pcquim 

Feathers  of  birds 

Pewarmickcoon 

Flint  stone 

Pow'wabickcoon 

Gun  flints 

Pickkew 

Gum 

Powwetink 

Rapid  or  strong  current  of 

water 

P^withay 

Stranger 

Pewarbcneec  i 

Hawk  bells 

'd 


I 


3o8 


Early  Western  Travels 


[Vol.   2 


h 


i,  4 


[274]    Chippeway 
Peja'rcan 
Pemartus 
Pendycutty 
Puttwar 
Pecktdpe 
Pinneck 
Pimmethy 

Peenay 
Pockkikkin 
Parbock'erwoyan' 
Pockcan     worrockay,    or 

pockcan  tunnockay 
Pitchynar'go 
Pester'quan 
Parmln 
Pejar'moach 

Pongay,  or  hagush'enonce 
Pdyshik 

Pockcan,  or  nobeetch 
Packquoim 
Payshdw 
Papay'jit 
Panlmdr 
Pendeek 
Pay,  pdyshik 
Pack'itan 
Peach,  or  tarpln 

[275] 
Pon'kissin 

Pamiskian,  or  pemiskar 

Papamotay 


English 
Harbour 
Health 
Horn 
Knee 
Nostrills 
Navel 
Oil,  fat,  or  grease;  or  to  be 

fat 
Partridge 
Skin  (human) 
Shirts 

The  other  world  or  country 

Yesterday 

Heavy 

Bald 

Jealous 

Little,  small 

One,  the,  a,  or  an 

Strange,  or  new 

Wide 

Near,  or  nigh 

Each 

By  and  by 

In 

Here,  and  there 

To  abandon,  or  forsake 

To  feel 

To  fall 

To  go  by  water 

To  go  by  land 


i79i]  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels 


309 


Chippeway 
Peechliganub 
Packettywaun 
Pawpy' 

Packquoy  mowachin 
Packquoltso 
Petoon,  or  nartin 
Pameech,  or  hapltch 
Pisquitch 
Pemlshkar 
Papyan 
Pejar'kemet 
Pas'serquoin 
Pemlshcarmooch 
Pis  quemeetch 
Pamdsay 
Pooterway  chebock'woy 

Quickwahay 

Queebesince 

Quinch 

Qu6wescence 

Quoyjim 

Quois'ciquen 

[276] 
Shaquoit 
Shemayn 
Shoanar'boop 
Shemay'nce 
Shamishcart 
Sedgwin 
Squendum 
Sheshib 


English 
To  hang 
To  beat 
To  laugh 
To  mend 
To  mix 

To  fetch,  or  bring 
To  open 
To  pass 
To  row 
To  rejoice 
To  release 
To  stand  up 
To  sail 
To  shake 
To  walk 
To  make  a  fire  and  cook 

Beaver  eater 

Child,  or  children 

Liver 

Virgin 

To  bite 

To  weigh 

Air 

Brother 

Broth,  or  soup 

Sister 

Battle 

Current  of  water 

Door;  shut  the  door 

WUd  duck 


3'o 


Early  IVestem  Travels 


[Vol. 


\  > 


i.( 


Chippeway 
Saggonash 
Squittycan 
Squitty,  or  scotay 
Scotay  wigwass 
Saggoban'wan 
Sh6amin 
Seegwa 

Squitty  annacook 
Saklegan 
Shenowantigan 
Shan'gwoitch 

Shem'mor 

Shaboonegun 

Sheneciizeau 

Sen'nebar 

Scdtaywa'bo,  or  squittywa' 
bo 

Seepee 

Sheesheebanwin 

Sheecark 

[277] 
Seezeebockquoit,  or  seeze- 

quar 

Sagoyb 

Sheotdgan 

Shemdgonish 

Squissow 
Sawwetch 
Sazdrgesay 
Sannegat 


English 

English 

Fire  steels 

Fire 

Fire  bark 

Hair  plates 

Huckleberries 

Lungs 

Lightning,  or  quick  fire 

Lake 

Lines  for  a  net 

Mink 

Neck 

Needles 

Name 

Ribbands,  or  silk 

Rum,  or  brandy 

River 

Shot 

Skunk,  or  pole  cat 


Sugar,  or  sweet 

Well  of  water 

Salt 

Soldier,    warrior,    or    b  ave 

man 
Throat 

Tongue  of  animals 
Greedy,  or  covetous 
Hard,  cruel;  it  is  hard,  or 

cruel 


179']  J.  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  3  1  i 


Chippeu'ay 
Sasay'j^a 
Shenargusscy 
Sug'gcrmarsh 
Shy  yd  r,  or  shar'shyyar 
Squibby,  or  Osquibby 
Sparchtay 

Sharshyar'  newcbcns 
Squittyar'l)ach 
Sug'gersoy 
Squabcech 
Serpar'gussey 
Stootewar,  or  nondagaitch 
Squamlch 
Sharshyydr 

Tagudmissey,  or  haguamis 

sey 
Tonbin'gesay 
Tunnoc'kay 
Teakiagun 

[278] 
Tarbatch 
Tootooshonarbo 
Tam'mikquoin 
Tarbinndck  • 
Tarbishar 
Talon'jay 
Tarwar'chewort 
Thurensera 
Tarpoach 

Tabiscoach 


English 
Handsome 
Such 

Quiet;  all  !;> quiet 
Past,  or  gone,  or  done 
Drunk 

Thirsty,  or  dry 
I'o  arrive  by  water 
To  burn 

To  smoke  a  pipe 
I'o  swim 
To  shev 
I'o  hear 
To  run 
Long  since 


Courage 
Noise 
Country 
Gun  worms 

Hips 

Milk,  or  sap  of  the  breast 

Spoon 

Indian  slay 

Thunder 

Blue 

Toes 

Dawn  of  day 

Voice,   or  the  echo  of  the 

breath 
Equal,  or  alike 


'd 


!• 


♦ 

IK 


Fit   ' 


'm 


»  I 


!' 


I 


f|f  in  f    I 


t: 


i'» 


312 


Earfy  fVestem  Travels 


[Vol.  3 


Chippeway  English 

Towwacktowar  Surprising 

Tannepy  When,  or  whence 
Tar'nin,  tar'neyau,  way'go- 

nin.orhawwaneeyaw  What,  or  what  now  ? 

TawnimUik,  or  andersoy  How  many,  what  price,  how 


much? 

Taw !  waw ! 

Oh!  oh! 

Tarpendn 

To  take 

Takooshin 

To  arrive  at  a  place 

Tackannin 

To  bind,  or  tie 

Tuckunnin 

To  choose 

TiMrimaw 

To  govern 

Tuckunnum'kewish 

To  marry 

Tonbin'gus 

To  bawl 

Tercush'enan,  or  guabee- 

cheway 

To  return 

Tarpin,  or  peach 

To  feel 

T6jeytoon,  or  gusketoon 

To  work 

Utchwar 

Chin 

[279] 

Un'gwoitch 

Busy 

Unter,  or  aighter 

Only,  at,  or  dione 

Untowarch 

Unto 

Way'bissay,  or  waybeezesay  Thoughts 

Warbunk  To-morrow 

Warwich  AnUe 
Warcockquoit,  or  warcock- 

quoit  opoygan  Tomahawk 

YVabatch  An  animal  between  a  dog  and 

a  wolf 


'79«) 


J.  Long's  y.yages  and  Travels 


3' 


Chippeway 
Whecy6c 
Wapcrwoyan' 
VVapdtth 
Warmeek 
Wigwass 
Warbim' 
Wiskin'ky 
Wark 

Warbcgum' 
Weass 
Wissenect 
Way.nlstergoash 
Wakay'gon 
VVematishtcrg6an 
Woygdn,  or  oakdnus 
Wapoos 
[280] 
Weeyan 
Wigwaum 
VVakeck'uman 
Warbermoon 
Winnetoon 
Warbun' 
Woyzdskquish 
Warbeshan'ce 
Wesshepdtchta 
Woyzdsk 
Watappy 
Warmeech 
Weenecobbo 
Weebitt 
Weebor'so,  or  neatissum 


Rnj^Ush 
Breast 
lilankets 

Basket,  or  hand  bowl 
Bridge 

Bark  of  a  tree 
Cheeks 
Eyes 
Kggs 

Glolx-,  the  earth 
Flesh  of  animals 
Feast 

French,  or  builders  of  vessels 
Fort,  or  tower 
Bald  head 

Robe  made  of  peltry 
Hare 

Hide  of  animals 

House,  cabin,  or  hut 

Crooked  knife 

Looking  glasses 

Loss 

Month 

Rush  mat 

Marten,  an  animal 

Bird's  nest 

Rushes 

Roots  of  trees 

Tail  of  animals 

Turkey 

Teeth 

Veins 


3»4 


Early  Westtm  Travels 


[Vol. 


^^^1 


Chipprway 

VViscon'kisscy 

Warbtrmcnccch 

Wccmatch 

Warbishclr 

Watcrwawadoossin 


Ween 

Weennewar 

Way'nin 

Way'gonin,  hawwanecyaw 

tar'nin 

Tar'neyau 

[281] 
Waygush,  or  way  way 
Woity,  or  awoity 
Weebdtch 
Weech6pc 
Woke 
Weebittan',  or  ha,  wcebit- 

tan' 
W'arbermecch 
Wlssemeg 
Wissinnin 
Weegewach'in 
Warbermec6 
Winnemawatch 
Warmarch 
Wabindan 

Wabemdt,  or  wabem6r 


F.nglish 

Young,  offspring 

Blind 

Sharp 

White 

Roots;  a  figurative  expression 
for  the  affections  of  the 
heart,  which  entwine 
alx)Ut  each  other 

He.  him,  she  or  her 

Ye,  they,  or  them 

Who,  or  who  is  that  ? 

\  What,  or  what  now  ? 


How,  or  how  do  you  do  ? 
There,  at  that  place 
Inmf  r-itcly,  or  very  soon 
Mine,  belonging  to  me 
Plural  number 

Make  haste 

To  clean 

To  chew 

To  eat 

To  follow 

To  find 

To  neglect 

To  spit 

To  view,  or  examine  well  my 

mind 
To  see 


i79«l  7*  I^ftg'i  yoynges  tinii  Tnivf/j 


'5 


Chipprway 

English 

Ward  arch 

To  strk 

VVarnjatt 

To  win 

VVarl)cnnfs,  or  warlxnnet 

To  watcli 

Wayljcndn 

To  throw  away,  t.   rrpudiatc 

Yoc 

H(xly 

Yotch 

Nost- 

Yaquoy 

To  avoid 

Zcnzcebisson 

Finger  rings 

Zdrgay,  or  zarg^ytoon 

Love;  to  love 

[282] 

Zawnum' 

Paint;  to  paint 

Zeepeeooch 

To  boil 

Zar'squoy 

To  cure 

Zeewitc'h 

To  fly 

Zayqu^benan 

To  wash 

w 


»(' 


FAMILIAR  PHRASES 

IN  THE 

ENGLISH  AND  CHIPPE\\AY  LANGUAGES 


^  J 


ill 


FAMILIAR  PHRASES  IN  THE  ENGLISH 

[284J  English 

How  do  you  do,  friend  ? 
In  good  health,  I  thank  you. 
What  news  ? 
I  have  none. 

Have  you  had  a  good  hunt  this  winter  ? 
Yes,  a  very  good  hunt. 
What  lake  did  you  hunt  at  last  winter  ? 
At  the  Skunk  Lake. 
What  is  there  at  that  lake  ? 
Beaver,  but  not  much. 
How  long  were  you  there  ? 
Only  one  month. 

They  say  there  are  no  fish  in  that  lake; 
That  is  hard. 

There  has  been  a  great  deal  of  snow  lately; 
We  have  all  found  it  hard  this  winter. 
Did  you  see  any  strange  Indians  on  the  way  ? 
Yes,  I  met  five  going  to  Lake  Sturgeon. 

Had  they  any  thing  with  them? 

No,  I  did  not  see  any  thing  but  slays. 

I  long  to  see  spring,  that  we  may  go  a  fishing. 

What  lake  will  you  fish  at  ? 

The  Red  Lake. 

[286] 
Our  canoes  are  broken; 
We  must  make  new  in  the  spring. 
There  is  great  quantity  of  birch  bark  at  the  Red  Lake; 
Yes,  but  the  trees  are  small. 


AND   CHIPPEWAY  LANGUAGES 

[285]  Chippcway 

Way,  way,  nee  neejce  ? 
Meegwotch  n6bum  pemartus. 
Ta'rnin  mergummegat  ? 
Caw'ween  a'rwayyor. 
Nlshshishshin  geosay  ndgone  bebdme  ? 
Anga'ymer,  O,  nlshshishshin. 
Hawwaneeyaw  sakiegan  kee  geosay  awa'ss  bclwnc  ? 
Sheecark  Sakiegan. 
Way'gonin  woity  ha  sakiegan  ? 
Amik,  cawween  gvvotch. 
May\visher  kee  appay  ? 
Payshik  geezus  aighter. 

Eca'rto  ca'wween  ka'ygo  keegonce  woity  sakiegan; 
Sannegat. 
Nepewar  going  nogdme; 

^kinndr  marmd  ojey  candan  sannegat  nogdme  bebdne. 
xan  nishinnorbay  kee  warbema't  nar  ? 
Anga'ymer,   na'rnan   nee  warbemdr  onncmay   sakiegan 

ojey  eszar. 
Ka'ygoshish  arthty  weenewar  nar  ? 
Ca'wween,  nin  ojey  warbcrma't  a'nvayyor  tarbinna'ck. 
Ba'dash  mendkemeg  bdckettwaun  neennerwind. 
Ta'rneyau  sakiegan  keen  bdckettywaun  ? 
Misquittyyang  sakiegan. 

[287] 
Cdckinnor  neennerwind,  O,  chema'n  ojey  bowwiskar; 
Pdckcan  in  gar  ojeytoon  mendkemeg. 
Nepewdr  wigwass  woity  Misquittyyang  Sakiegan; 
Anga'ymer,  hagushenonce  mcteck. 


p « 


320 


Early  fVestern  Travels  [Vol.  3 


i   , 


English 
How  many  fal  jm  long  will  you  make  your  canoe  ? 
Perhaps  three  fathom. 
There  tie  many  rapids  at  the  Red  Lake; 
Are  they  hard  rapids  ? 
Here  and  there. 

How  long  are  you  going  up  them  ? 
Fifteen  days. 
That  is  long. 
Bring  me  some  tobacco; 
Here  is  some  for  you. 
This  is  English; 
Yes,  it  is. 
Sit  down. 

I  want  to  smoke  a  pipe. 
I  am  tired. 
I  will  lie  down. 
I  will  get  up. 
I  want  to  eat. 
I  want  to  drink. 

We  will  make  fire  and  cook  our  kettle; 
It  is  ready; 
Let  us  eat ; 
It  is  very  good. 

[288] 
I  will  go. 

\re  you  going,  friend  ? 
Yes,  but  I  shall  return  soon. 
Have  you  any  good  guns  ? 
Yes. 

Let  us  see  them  ? 
This  is  broke. 
Here  is  another; 


179']  J-  Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  321 

Chippeway 
Ta'wnimillk  eu  nick  kee  ojeytdon  chcma'n  ? 
Ca'nnebatch  neesswoy  eunik. 
Nepewar  powwetink  Misquittyyang  Sakiegan ; 
Sannegat  nar  powwetink  ? 
Pay,  pa'yshik. 

Maywisher  nar  shy'yar  cockinndr  ? 
Metdsswoy  ogflnnegat  asshea  na'rnan. 
D^bwoy  maywisher. 
Assa'ymer  petoon ; 
Oway. 

Maunder  Sa'ggonash ; 
Anga'ymer  d^dwoy. 
Manteta'ppy. 
Nee,  wee,  sijggersoy. 
Nowwenda'yshon  nin. 
Nepa'rhan,  nin. 
Goyey  nin  gonlshcar. 
Nee,  nee,  wissinnin. 
Nee,  nee,  minniquah. 
Pooterway  chebdckwoy  neennerwind ; 
Shashy'yar  keejetty; 
Haw  wissinnin ; 
Htinjeyta  O,  nishshishshin. 

[289] 
Nin  gamarcha. 

Shashy'yar  kee  txSossin  nar  negee  ? 
Angdymer,  pdnimar  tercushin  nin. 
O,  nishshishshin  bask^yzegan  drthty  nar  ? 
Angdymer. 
Gar  warbemdr  ? 
Maunder  bowwiskar. 
Oway  pdckcan  payshik; 


322 


Early  fVestern  Travels 


[Vol.  a 


ri  f 


English 
This,  I  thjnk,  is  a  good  one. 
I  want  a  paddle ; 
Here  is  one  for  you. 
Thank  you,  friend. 
Where  is  your  wife  ? 
She  is  dead. 
Is  it  long  since  ? 
Last  winter. 

Have  you  any  children  alive  ? 
Only  one  boy. 
Can  he  hunt  ? 
Not  yet. 

Where  is  your  brother  ? 
I  saw  him  last  winter  at  the  Skunk's  Lake; 
He  was  killed  there  by  an  Indian  when  he  was  drunk. 
He  was  a  bad  Indian,  and  they  should  have  killed  him 

too; 
An  Indian  just  now  told  me  he  is  killed. 

That's  right. 

[290] 
Was  he  old  ? 
No. 
He  had  three  packs  of  beaver  skins,  and  ten  bags  of  dried 

meat,  besides  fish,  when  he  was  killed : 


:<* 


Oh!  that  was  hard. 

Who  is  that  coming  ? 

A  strange  Indian : 

I  will  go  and  see  him. 

Are  you  come  from  far,  friend  ? 

No,  a  little  way  from  hence. 


i79i]  J.  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels  t^z-^^ 

Chippcway 
Maunder  p>ayshik  O,  nishshishshin  indtncndurri. 
Ab'boy  nee  guyyossa}'; 
Oway  pdyshik. 
Mecgwotch,  neccarnis. 
Aunday  keen  O,  mentimdyey  ? 
Sharshy'ya'-  nepoo. 
Maywisher  nar  ? 
Pa'yshik  bebdne  shy'yar. 
Ar'thty  O,  janis  nogdme  pcmartus  ? 
Pdyshik  oskenaygay  aighter: 
Gdosay  ween  nar  ? 
Kamarchy. 
Aunday  chemayn  ? 

Nee  warbemdr  awass  bebdnc  woity  Shcecark  Sakicgan ; 
Piiyshik  nishinnorbay  ojey  gunnissar  ween  osquibby. 
Ween  O,  matchee  nishinnorbay,  mcegwoyack  O,  gun- 

niesar  ween  giiyyea ; 
Shashy'yar    ojey    gunncsar,    ween    nogdme    mc    ccarto 

nishinnorbay; 
Meegwoyack. 

[291] 
Keewdency  nar  ? 
Cdwween. 
Ween  arthty  neesswoy  meckintargan  appiminiquy  metds- 

swoy  mushcomat  weass  spiirchtay  mctach  kccgdnce 

guyyea: 
Taw'  waw!  sannegat. 
Hawwanceyaw  terciishin  ? 
Pdckan  Nishinno'rbay: 
Nin  eszar  gar  warbem'or 
Awdssa  nar  kee  tcrcushin,  neegee  ? 
Cawween,  payshew  omar. 


324 


Early  tVestern  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


English 
What  have  you  brought  ? 
A  small  pack  of  beaver. 
What  will  you  want  ? 
Blankets. 
I  have  none  but  small  for  your  children. 

What  is  your  trader's  name  at  the  Red  Lake  ? 

The  Good  Heart. 

Has  he  many  goods  there  ? 

Five  large  canoes  full. 

Have  you  any  bears'  grease  ? 

One  box  only. 

I  will  trade  with  you  for  it ; 

Very  well,  friend. 

How  many  beaver  skins  did  you  give  for  that  blanket  ? 

Eleven. 

I  want  to  buy  such; 

[292] 
You  wUl  get  such  at  the  English  trader's. 
How  many  beaver  skins  will  you  take  for  this  ? 
Twenty: 

Take  them,  friend. 
Will  you  trade  for  those  otter  skins  ? 
No,  not  now;  T  must  pay  my  credit  to  the  Good  Heart. 

What  did  you  take  from  him  ? 

Some  small  things. 

Fetch  me  some  water. 

Make  haste. 

Do  you  hear  me  ? 


'79ij 


J.  Longs  Voyages  and  Travels  325 


Chippeway 
Wa'ygonin  kcc  ogubbetoon  ? 
Hagtjshenoncc  meekinta'rgan  appiminiquy. 
Wa'ygonin  kce  guyyossay  ? 
VVa'pcrwoyan. 

Ca'wween  kaygo  wa'rpewoyan  hagushcnoncc  kce  j^nis 
shena'rgussey. 

Ta'min  sheneca'zcau  keennerwind  arta'wwaywinnin  Mis- 

qulttyyang  Saklcgan  ? 
Nishshishshin  oa'thty. 
Nepewar  huncushigon  a'rthty  nar  ? 
Na'man  kitchce  cheeman  mo'oshquenay. 
Mackqua'h  pimmcthy  a'rthty  nar  ? 
Pa'yshik  muccuck  a'ighter. 
Nee  wee  arta'wway; 
Medgwoyack,  n^gee. 
An'dersoy    appiminiquy    kee,    kee,    arta'wway,    wa'per 

woyan  ? 
Meto'sswoy  asshea  pa'yshik. 
Nee  wee  arta'wway  shenargussey; 

[293] 
So'ajgonash  a'rthty  shena'rgussey. 
An'dersoy  appiminiquy  keetarpena'n  mor  ? 
Neesh  tanner: 
Tarpena'n  neeca'mis. 

Clinner  kee  wee  arta'wway  maunder  nekeek  woygan  ? 
Cdwween,  nogdme;  nee  wee  guddcrpa'rhan  nee  marsey- 

na'ygan  nishshishshin  o'athty. 
Wa'ygonin  kee  tarpena'n  ? 
Pdngay  ka'ygoshish. 
Nippee  nartin. 
Ha,  webitta'n. 
Cunner  kee  sto'otewar  ? 


326 


Early  tVestem  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


English 

I  hear  you. 

Come  here; 

I  am  coming. 

What  kind  of  a  hunt  had  the  /'"v  last  winter  ? 

The  winter  was  bad  indeed. 

What  did  he  hunt  for  ? 

Bear. 

I  wish  this  was  spring,  and  all  the  Indians  would  come 

and  trade  their  winter's  hunt; 
They  will  come  soon : 
I  think  they  will  have  a  great  many  packs. 
What  will  you  ask  to  take  me  by  water  from  Montreal  to 

Michillimakinac  ? 
One  large  keg  of  rum,  one  gun,  one  blanket,  one  kettle, 

and  one  kniT^;  that  is  alll  want: 


[294] 
That  is  too  much,  as  you  wUl  eat  and  drink  the  same  as 
us,  and  will  not  work,  but  only  shew  the  way. 

Will  you  go  directly  ? 

No,  I  shall  stay  till  to-morrow,  and  then  embark. 

I  left  my  wife  and  children  at  a  place  four  days  march 

fron^  hence. 
I  want  to  see  them. 

To-morrow,  at  the  dawn  of  day,  we  will  embark. 
Take  courage;  farewell,  friend. 
Very  well,  I  will  be  true  to  my  word. 
All  is  quiet. 
I  will  go  to  bed. 
Get  up,  friend. 
I  am  lazy. 


«7'J'] 


y.  Lof/g'j  yoyages  and  Travels 


.127 


Chipp4-,i'<ty 

Kee,  kee,  no'noy(l«)nr. 

Onda'ss- 

Nin  tcrciishin. 

Ta'rnin  shcna'rgussiy  j^eosay  Assinbo  uwa'ss  fx.-lx)'ne  ? 

Ilapadgey  maftchct-  Ix-lxj'nc. 

Wa'yRonin  wccn  gt'osay  ? 

Mackqua'h. 

Ba'dash  mcno'kcmi'g  ha  cockinno'r  marmo  nishinnorbay 
tcrciishin  ojey arla'wway  awass  Ix-lx/nc  (),  wo'ysan; 

VVceba'tch  tcrcushin  \vc<;nni\var: 

Ncpcwar  meckinta'rKan  indenc'ndum  wtennewar. 

Wa'ygonin  kee  nindootymond  monyny'yank  wofty  Michil- 
lima'kinac  patnis'kian  ? 

Pa'yshik  kitchec  muckciSck  scotaywa'bo,  pa'yshik  bas- 
kC'yzegan,  payshik  wa'pi'rwoyan,  pa'yshik  akeek,  pa'y- 
shik mo'koman;  me  cockinno'r: 

[295] 
Ozo'me  kee  tabisco'ach  wissinnin  ncdnnerwind  mlnniquy 

ca'wween  a'rwayyor  kee  giisketoon  meekan  mce  ••'>htcr 

unter  wabindan'. 
Weebatch  guddeszar  keen  ? 
Ca'wween,  omar  ojcy  appay;  warbunk  boossin. 
Mee  woity  ojey  appay,   mentimdyamish,   ja'nis   woke, 

guyyea  neon  ogunnegat 
Nee,  nee,  warbema't  weennewar. 
Warbunk  thurenscra  boossin. 
Hagua'rmisscy,  way,  way,  negec. 
Meegwoyack,  nee  gar  debwoy. 
Suggermarch. 

P^shshemo  nin  gama'rchar. 
Gonishcar,  neegee. 
Kittim  nin. 


328 


Ear/y  fVestem  Travels 


[Vol.  2 


I  am  sick. 

I  am  vexed. 

I  am  old. 

I  am  hot. 

I  am  hungry. 

I  am  dry. 

I  am  well. 

I  love  you. 

Your  health,  friend. 

I  do  liot  understand  you. 


English 


v: 


i7<)il  y.  Long  J  Foyj^es  anJ  T  are  Is 


.^29 


Chippcway 
Acquoiscc  nin. 

Nishcar'tcscyan. 

Gecss<Snnar  nin. 

Gcrsha'rtay  nin. 

B<5cketty  nin. 

Spa'rchtay  nin. 

Pema'rtissey  nin. 

Ncczd'rgay  keen. 

Kce  talieneman'co,  or,  kectan'nemec6  neejee. 

Cawween  nee  stoticee. 


THE  END 


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Important 
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The  Historic  Highways  of  America 

by  Archer  Butler  Hulbert 

A  seriei  of  monographs  on  the  History  of  America  at  portray  .    .n  the  evo- 
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The  Philippine  Islands 

1493-1898 

Being  the  history  of  the  Philippines 

from  their  discovery  to  the  present  time 

EXPLORATIONS  by  early  Navigators,  descriptions 
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Islands  from  their  earliest  relations  with  European  Na- 
tions to  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century.  

^translated,  and  edited  and  annotated  h^^-}^,-  ^^^iR  and 
J.  A.  Robertson,  with  introduction  and  addtttona!  notes  by 
E.  G.  Bourne. 


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the  student  it  is  even  of  greater  value,  since  it  places  before  h.m  translanons 
of  these  historical  data  which  would  otherw.se  be  totally  inaccessible,  and 
without  which  no  work  on  the  Philippines  could  be  definitive. 
"  —  American  Anthropologic. 

"At  the  present  time  few  subjects  are  discussed  .0  widely  and  so  igno- 
rantly  a.  matters  relating  to  the  Philippines."-  Chicago  Chronicle. 

"In  addition  to  its  value  as  accurate  history,  the  work  is  full  of  interest 
and  of  suggestions  of  thrilling  medieval  romanw  and  adventure  among 
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>pme 
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